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Petrogenesis of the end-Cretaceous diamondiferous Behradih orangeite pipe: implication for mantle plume–lithosphere interaction in the Bastar craton, Central India

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Abstract

We present mineral chemistry, geochemistry and Sr and Nd isotope data of drillcore samples from the Late Cretaceous (65 Ma), diamondiferous Behradih ultramafic pipe, Bastar craton, Central India, which is emplaced synchronous with the Deccan flood basalt eruption. The rock is affected by pervasive serpentine–talc–carbonate alteration and consists of pelletal lapilli and variously sized olivine and phlogopite macrocrysts, set in a groundmass of abundant clinopyroxene, chrome spinel, apatite, Fe-rich perovskite (<50 μm), zircon, titanite, rutile and calcite. Mineralogical studies identify the Behradih pipe as orangeite (formerly termed as Group II kimberlite) and establish the occurrence of such rocks outside the Kaapvaal craton, southern Africa. As the age of the Behradih orangeite overlaps with that of the main phase of the Deccan flood basalt magmatism, we infer a common tectonomagmatic control vis-a-vis the Deccan-related mantle plume. Trace element ratios and the Nd isotope signatures of the Behradih pipe imply that the Deccan plume has only contributed heat, but not substantial melt, to the Behradih magma with a cause-and-consequence relationship between them. Our study highlights (a) a striking similarity in the genesis of Late Cretaceous orangeites associated with the continental flood basalts in the Kaapvaal and Bastar cratons but related to different mantle plumes and (b) the role of plume–lithosphere interaction in the generation of orangeites.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Government of Chhattisgarh for providing access to the drillcore samples. Constructive reviews by Sebastian Tappe and an anonymous reviewer and editorial suggestions by Jochen Hoefs have significantly improved the contents of this paper, and we express our sincere thanks to them. NVCR thanks the Head, Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, for his encouragement and for providing facilities and the Humboldt Foundation, Bonn, Germany, for support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    N. V. Chalapathi Rao

  2. Mineral Resources, Technical University of Clausthal, 38678, Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany

    B. Lehmann

  3. Directorate of Geology and Mining, Ring Road 1, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492007, India

    D. Mainkar

  4. Precambrian Geology and Geochronology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

    B. Belyatsky

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  2. B. Lehmann
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  3. D. Mainkar
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Correspondence to N. V. Chalapathi Rao.

Additional information

Communicated by J. Hoefs.

Electronic supplementary material

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410_2010_559_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary Figure S1(A) K2O (wt%) vs TiO2 (wt%) plot for the Behradih pipe samples. The fields for kimberlite and orangeite are from Mitchell (1995). Data for WKF and NKF are from Chalapathi Rao et al. (2004) and Chalapathi Rao and Srivastava (2009a). Data of the Behradih samples from Mainkar and Lehmann (2007). (B) Zr versus Nb (ppm) co-variation diagram for the Behradih pipe. Data sources: Majhgawan pipe (Chalapathi Rao 2005); WKF and NKF kimberlites (Chalapathi Rao et al. 2004; Chalapathi Rao and Srivastava 2009a); Krishna and Cuddapah lamproites are from Chalapathi Rao et al. (2009); other fields are from Taylor et al. (1994). Data of the Behradih samples from Mainkar and Lehmann (2007). Symbols are the same as in Online electronic supplementary Fig.S1A (TIFF 24216 kb)

410_2010_559_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary Figure S2(A) (La/Sm)N vs (Ho/Lu)N of the Behradih samples compared with those of NKF and WKF (data from Chalapathi Rao et al. 2004, and Chalapathi Rao and Srivastava 2009a). Symbols are the same as in Fig.7A. (B) Nb/Y vs SiO2 (wt%) plot illustrating the elevated Nb/Y ratio (low degree of partial melting) of the Behradih samples, similar to kimberlites from the Dharwar craton. Data of WKF, NKF and Cuddapah lamproites are from Chalapathi Rao et al. (2004), Chalapathi Rao and Srivastava (2009a); data for the Jharia aillikites is from Srivastava et al. (2009). The other fields are taken from Beard et al. (1998) (TIFF 27055 kb)

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Chalapathi Rao, N.V., Lehmann, B., Mainkar, D. et al. Petrogenesis of the end-Cretaceous diamondiferous Behradih orangeite pipe: implication for mantle plume–lithosphere interaction in the Bastar craton, Central India. Contrib Mineral Petrol 161, 721–742 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-010-0559-2

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