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Natural Products and Traditional Herbal Medicines as Managerial Therapies to Combat Rheumatoid Arthritis

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Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex and challenging autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints, discomfort, stiffness, functional impairment, and systemic complications that affect millions of people around the world. Despite advances in medication, controlling RA remains difficult due to its complicated pathophysiology and numerous clinical symptoms. Synthetic medications, while effective, frequently cause considerable adverse effects, necessitating the investigation of alternate therapeutic options. This study attempts to provide a complete overview of synthetic medications and natural items used to treat RA. It specifically investigates the pathophysiological mechanisms that underpin RA and the efficacy and safety profiles of synthetic pharmaceuticals. Synthetic medications, such as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologics remain important treatments for RA, albeit with hazards. So to explore safer and more effective therapy for the treatment of RA, a need to exploit the possible therapeutic benefits of natural items such as antioxidants, plant secondary metabolites, and traditional herbal remedies arises. By encompassing a spectrum of insights, from the molecular level to holistic traditional practices, this review aims to provide a holistic understanding of the role of natural products and traditional herbal medicines in the managerial landscape of RA. Furthermore, it investigates the effect of nutrition in regulating inflammation and disease development in RA. Integrative techniques that use natural products present intriguing adjuvant therapy, delivering anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immunomodulatory effects with potentially fewer side effects. Understanding the interaction of synthetic medications and natural products, as well as the role of nutrition, can help enhance RA treatment regimens, improve patient outcomes, and reduce treatment-related problems. This study is a valuable resource for doctors, researchers, and patients looking for evidence-based methods for RA care. The synthesis of this knowledge contributes to the ongoing pursuit of enhanced therapeutic strategies, fostering improved outcomes and quality of life for individuals grappling with rheumatoid arthritis.

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Abbreviations

Anti-CCP:

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide

AP-1:

Activated protein-1

B cells:

Bursa-derived cells

CRP:

C-reactive protein

DMARD:

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs

ESR:

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

IκB:

Inhibitor of kappa B

IL-1:

Interleukin-1

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

JNK:

Jun N-terminal kinase

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MAPKs:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

mtROS:

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species

NLRP3:

NOD-like receptor protein 3

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

Nrf-2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

NSAIDs:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

RF:

Rheumatoid factor

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

OCP:

Osteoclast precursors

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

T cell:

Thymus cells

TAC:

Total antioxidant capacity

TAK1:

Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1

THMs:

Traditional herbal medicines

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

VGEF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Ashok K. Chauhan, Founder President of the Amity group of Institutions, for offering support and providing us with the opportunity to work on this project. Additionally, I would like to express my appreciation to the esteemed teachers for their valuable insights, feedback, guidance, and support throughout the writing process of the article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201303, India

    Neha Ghosh & Shivam Pathak

  2. Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India

    Malsawmdawngkimi & Gautam Kumar

  3. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India

    Azka Gull

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  1. Neha Ghosh
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  2. Shivam Pathak
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  3. Malsawmdawngkimi
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  4. Gautam Kumar
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  5. Azka Gull
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Contributions

N.G, S.P., and M. wrote the main manuscript G.K. helped in data compilation as well as manuscript structuring, and A.G. was involved in conceptualization, reviewing, and editing the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Azka Gull.

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Ghosh, N., Pathak, S., Malsawmdawngkimi et al. Natural Products and Traditional Herbal Medicines as Managerial Therapies to Combat Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clin & Translational Metab. 22, 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-024-09290-7

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