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The Challenge in Using Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Recellularization of Decellularized Cartilage

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Abstract

Some decellularized musculoskeletal extracellular matrices (ECM)s derived from tissues such as bone, tendon and fibrocartilaginous meniscus have already been clinical use for tissue reconstruction. Repair of articular cartilage with its unique zonal ECM architecture and composition is still an unsolved problem, and the question is whether allogenic or xenogeneic decellularized cartilage ECM could serve as a biomimetic scaffold for this purpose.

Hence, this survey outlines the present state of preparing decellularized cartilage ECM-derived scaffolds or composites for reconstruction of different cartilage types and of reseeding it particularly with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs).

The preparation of natural decellularized cartilage ECM scaffolds hampers from the high density of the cartilage ECM and lacking interconnectivity of the rather small natural pores within it: the chondrocytes lacunae. Nevertheless, the reseeding of decellularized ECM scaffolds before implantation provided superior results compared with simply implanting cell-free constructs in several other tissues, but cartilage recellularization remains still challenging. Induced by cartilage ECM-derived scaffolds MSCs underwent chondrogenesis.

Major problems to be addressed for the application of cell-free cartilage were discussed such as to maintain ECM structure, natural chemistry, biomechanics and to achieve a homogenous and stable cell recolonization, promote chondrogenic and prevent terminal differentiation (hypertrophy) and induce the deposition of a novel functional ECM. Some promising approaches were proposed including further processing of the decellularized ECM before recellularization of the ECM with MSCs, co-culturing of MSCs with chondrocytes and establishing bioreactor culture e.g. with mechanostimulation, flow perfusion pressure and lowered oxygen tension.

Synopsis of tissue engineering approaches based on cartilage-derived ECM

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GST and ZH wrote the manuscript and arranged tables and figs. OG revised the manuscript carefully.

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  1. Paracelsus Medical University, Institute of Anatomy, Salzburg and Nuremberg, Prof.-Ernst-Nathan Str. 1, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany

    Zhao Huang & Gundula Schulze-Tanzil

  2. Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany

    Zhao Huang

  3. Department of Orthopaedics, Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital, Finglas, Dublin, Ireland

    Owen Godkin

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Huang, Z., Godkin, O. & Schulze-Tanzil, G. The Challenge in Using Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Recellularization of Decellularized Cartilage. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 13, 50–67 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-016-9699-8

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