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Tracking the Variations in Trace and Heavy Elements in Smoking Products Marketed in Oman and Egypt: Risk Assessment After Implementation of Constraining Protocols

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Abstract

Tobacco smoking is becoming one of the major worldwide concerns regarding environmental pollution as well as health threats. In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the Framework Convention On Tobacco Control (FCTC), which outlined protocols for controlling tobacco products. Oman was one of the leading countries to follow these protocols; however, Egypt has only followed these protocols recently in 2020. One of the main challenges in tobacco product control is the variation in their trace element’s types and amounts from country to country owing to differences in agriculture techniques and used chemical additives. Smoking releases different toxic metal ions found in them into the air, and hence, analyzing trace amounts of metals in tobacco smoking products is becoming more critical. The proposed research aims to evaluate the current levels of 11 heavy metals (namely, As, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Be, Ba, Mn, Ni, Fe, and Hg) in 22 tobacco products available in Egypt and Oman using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and a direct mercury analyzer. Although some elements such as Be, Co, and Cd were absent, the positive detection of As and Pb and the levels of Ba, Cr, and Ni are still alarming, especially for heavy smokers. The obtained results were then statistically related to previously published data in 2017 to explore the effectiveness of implementing the FCTC protocols within the Egyptian market. The outcomes suggested a positive impact of FCTC protocol implementation in Egypt, besides the lower levels of elemental content for Omani products compared to the Egyptian market.

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No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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Funding

The authors would like to show their appreciation to the Omani Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation for supporting this research under TRC research grant number BFP/RGP/CBS/22/002.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz , Nizwa, 616, Oman

    Adel Ehab Ibrahim, Samy G. Alamir, Mohamed Al-Omairi & Ahmed Al-Harrasi

  2. Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt

    Samy G. Alamir

  3. Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt

    Baher I. Salman

  4. Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, 32511, Egypt

    Hany A. Batakoushy

  5. Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University (Boys), Cairo, 11884, Egypt

    Mostafa M. Hegazy

  6. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University - Arish Branch, Arish, 45511, Egypt

    Mostafa M. Hegazy

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Contributions

Conceptualization, A.I. and A.A.;Methodology, software, and validation, A.I., S.A., M.H., M.O., H.B., and B.S.; Formal analysis, A.I., S.A., M.H., M.O., H.B., and B.S.; Investigation, S.A. and A.I.; Data curation, S.A. and A.I.; writing—review and editing, A.I., S.A., M.H., M.O., H.B., and B.S.; , A. I. and A. A. Resources and Project administration, A.I. and A. A.;

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Correspondence to Adel Ehab Ibrahim or Ahmed Al-Harrasi.

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Ibrahim, A.E., Alamir, S.G., Al-Omairi, M. et al. Tracking the Variations in Trace and Heavy Elements in Smoking Products Marketed in Oman and Egypt: Risk Assessment After Implementation of Constraining Protocols. Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04182-9

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