Abstract
Tobacco products are widely recognized as a major contributor to death. Cigarette smoke contains several toxic chemicals including heavy metals particulate causing high health risks. However, limited information has been available on the health risks associated with the heavy metals in cigarettes commonly sold in the Bangladeshi market. This study evaluated the concentrations and potential health risks posed by ten concerned heavy metals in ten widely consumed cigarette brands in Bangladesh using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The concentration (mg/kg) ranges of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn vary between 0.46–1.05, 0.55–1.03, 0.80–1.2, 0.22–0.40, 0.46–0.78, 2.59–3.03, 436.8–762.7, 115.8–184.4, 146.6–217.7, and 34.0–42.7, respectively. We assume that the heavy metals content among cigarette brands is varied due to the differences in the source of tobacco they use for cigarette preparation. The carcinogenic risks posed by heavy metals follow the order of Cr > Co > Cd > As > Ni > Pb, while the non-carcinogenic risks for Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn were greater than unity (HQ > 1), except for Fe. The existence of toxic heavy metals in cigarette tobacco may thus introduce noticeable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health impacts accompanying inhalation exposure. This study provides the first comprehensive report so far on heavy metal concentration and associated health risks in branded cigarettes commonly sold in Bangladesh. Hence, this data and the information provided can serve as a baseline as well as a reference for future research and have potential implications for policy and legislation in Bangladesh.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the authority of the Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh, for providing analytical, technical, and other logistic support for conducting this research work.
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The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia, for funding this work through the Large Research Groups Program under grant number R.G.P2/274/44.
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Mehedi Hasan: methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft preparation. Md Moazzem Hossain: methodology, formal analysis, investigation. Shaifa Abrarin: formal analysis, investigation. Tapos Kormoker: investigation, data curation, writing—reviewing and editing. Md Mausm Billah: data analysis, writing—reviewing and editing. Md Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan: visualization, writing—reviewing and editing. Md Ahedul Akbor: writing—reviewing and editing. Sayed M A Salam: writing—reviewing and editing, supervision. Rahat Khan and Kamrun Naher: methodology, investigation, writing—reviewing and editing. Mohammed Abdus Salam, Mir Mohammad Ali, and Md Mostafizur Rahman: resources, writing—reviewing and editing. Talha Bin Emran, Z Mahmoud, and Mayeen Uddin Khandaker: writing—reviewing and editing, funding acquisition. Md Abu Bakar Siddique: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—reviewing and editing, visualization, supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Highlights
• Estimated heavy metals in branded cigarettes of Bangladeshi markets for the first time
• Toxic metal level in the cigarette brands exceeded the WHO threshold limits
• Metallic particulate-rich cigarette smoke induces health risks on inhalation exposure
• Cu, Zn, and Mn cause high non-carcinogenic health risks, except for Fe
• Cr causes high cancer risks following the order of Cr > Co > Cd > As > Ni > Pb
The original online version of this article was revised: The correct given name of the 5th Author is Masum.
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Hasan, M., Hossain, M.M., Abrarin, S. et al. Heavy metals in popularly sold branded cigarettes in Bangladesh and associated health hazards from inhalation exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 100828–100844 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29491-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29491-9