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Leishmaniasis and Trace Element Alterations: a Systematic Review

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Abstract

Leishmaniasis is a worldwide prevalent parasitic infection caused by different species of the genus Leishmania. Clinically, the disease divided into three main forms, including visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). There is no vaccine for human leishmaniasis and their treatment is challenging. Trace elements (TEs) alteration, including the selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), ron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) have been detected in patients with CL and VL as well as canine leishmaniasis. Because TEs play a pivotal role in the immune system, and host immune responses have crucial roles in defense against leishmaniasis, this systematic review aimed to summarize data regarding TEs alteration in human and animal leishmaniasis as well as the role of these elements as an adjuvant for treatment of leishmaniasis. In a setting of systematic review, we found 29 eligible articles (any date until October 1, 2020) regarding TEs in human CL (N = 12), human VL (N = 4), canine leishmaniasis (N = 3), and treatment of leishmaniasis based on TEs (N = 11), which one study examined the TEs level both in CL and VL patients. Our analysis demonstrated a significantly decreased level of Fe, Zn, and Se among human CL and canine leishmaniasis, and Zn and Fe in patients with VL. In contrast, an increased level of Cu in CL patients and Cu and Mg in VL patients and canine leishmaniasis was observed. Treatment of CL based zinc supplementation revealed enhancement of wound healing and diminished scar formation in human and experimentally infected animals. The results of this systematic review indicate that the TEs have important roles in leishmaniasis, which could be assessed as a prognosis factor in this disease. It is suggested that TEs could be prescribed as an adjuvant for the treatment of CL and VL patients.

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Abbreviations

VL:

visceral leishmaniasis

CL:

cutaneous leishmaniasis

MCL:

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

TEs:

trace elements

Se:

selenium

Zn:

zinc

Cu:

copper

Fe:

iron

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

GSH-Px:

glutathione peroxidase

Gpx:

glutathione peroxidase enzyme

Cp:

ceruloplasmin

Htc:

hematocrit

CAT:

catalase

Th1:

T helper 1

Th2:

T helper 2

IFNγ:

interferon gamma

TNF:

tumor necrosis factor

TGF-β:

transforming growth factor beta

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Funding

Amir Abdoli is supported by National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD) grant number: 978507. This study is financially purported by Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.

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Author notes

  1. Ali Taghipour and Amir Abdoli equally contributed in this study as the first author.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Taghipour

  2. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 74148-46199, Ostad Motahari Ave, Jahrom, Iran

    Amir Abdoli, Ahmad Abolghazi & Salar Maani

  3. Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran

    Amir Abdoli & Ahmad Abolghazi

  4. Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran

    Afifeh Ramezani & Salar Maani

  5. Department of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran

    Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi

  6. Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran

    Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi

  7. Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran

    Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi

  8. Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran

    Seyede Manizhe Heidar Nejadi

  9. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran

    Sima Rasti

  10. Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

    Morteza Shams

  11. Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran

    Ezatollah Ghasemi

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  1. Ali Taghipour
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Taghipour, A., Abdoli, A., Ramezani, A. et al. Leishmaniasis and Trace Element Alterations: a Systematic Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 199, 3918–3938 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02505-0

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