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UV-Assisted Autolysis for Nutrient Bioconversion of Sea Cucumber (Stichopus horrens) Body Wall

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Abstract

Enzymatic hydrolysis is a green approach for nutrient bioconversion of sea cucumber body wall to recover sulfated polysaccharides. However, formation of high level of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can potentially negate health benefits of the functional food. In this study, UV-assisted autolysis was employed to optimize nutrient bioconversion of Stichopus horrens body wall using extreme UV dosage (324,000-648,000 J/m2), different autolysis temperatures (40–60 °C) and time (3–5 h). Parallel biochemical changes indicate that UV irradiation promoted the activation of endogenous enzymes, leading to the proteolysis of the body wall and the subsequent dissolution of sulfated polysaccharides. Changes in the amide band I region of the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of autolyzed body wall residue reflected the loss of α-helix secondary structures of collagen which exacerbated at autolysis temperatures beyond 50 °C. The maximum yield of sulfated polysaccharides and antioxidant activities were obtained at the condition (486,000 J/m2 of UV dosage, 60 ℃, and 4 h of autolysis) by the optimization using the central composite design. The nutritional composition and safety aspect of the autolysate was compared with hydrolysate from enzymatic hydrolysis and hot water extract. Quantification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) showed that UV-assisted autolysis could mitigate HMF formation (0.12 mg/kg) by 97.6% compared to enzymatic hydrolysis (5.13 mg/kg) and 42.9% compared to hot water extraction (0.21 mg/kg). The UV-assisted autolysis with metal ion further enhanced the extraction process of sulfated polysaccharides from sea cucumber body wall and reduction of the processing contaminants. Thus, UV-assisted autolysis offers a safer alternative for the nutrient bioconversion of sea cucumber body wall, particularly for the development of functional foods.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ABTS:

2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid

AGEs:

Advanced glycation end products

CAC:

Codex Alimentarius Commission

DPPH:

2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate

EC:

European Commission

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EFSA:

European Food Safety Authority

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared

FuCS:

Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate

GAE:

Gallic acid equivalent

GAG:

Glycosaminoglycan

GlcA:

β-D-glucuronic acid

GalNAc:

N-acetyl β-D-galactosamine

HMF:

5-Hydroxymethyl furfural

Hyp:

Hydroxyproline

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

MCT:

Mutable collagenous tissue

MMP:

Matrix metalloprotease

NRVs:

Codex Nutrient Reference Values

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RSM:

Response surface methodology

SHA:

S. horrens Autolysate

SHA-M:

S. horrens Autolysate enhanced with metal ion

SHE:

S. horrens Extract

SHH:

S. horrens Hydrolysate

TE:

Trolox equivalent

TPC:

Total phenolic content

UV:

Ultraviolet

WI:

Whiteness index

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Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia through Transdisciplinary Research Grant Scheme [TRGS/1/2020/USM/02/2/3].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800 USM, Malaysia

    Nada Itorul Umam & Musfirah Zulkurnain

  2. Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, 11800, Malaysia

    Annette Jaya-Ram & Sau Pinn Woo

  3. Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia

    Yong Foo Wong

  4. Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia

    Alifdalino Sulaiman

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  1. Nada Itorul Umam
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  2. Alifdalino Sulaiman
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  3. Yong Foo Wong
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  4. Annette Jaya-Ram
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  5. Sau Pinn Woo
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Contributions

Nada Itorul Umam: investigation, formal analysis, writing–original draft; Alifdalino Sulaiman: conceptualization, writing–review; Wong Yong Foo: resources, writing–review; Annette Jaya-Ram: resources, writing–review; Sau Pinn Woo: resources, writing–review, funding acquisition; Musfirah Zulkurnain: conceptualization, writing–review and editing, funding acquisition, resources, supervision.

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Correspondence to Musfirah Zulkurnain.

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Umam, N.I., Sulaiman, A., Wong, Y.F. et al. UV-Assisted Autolysis for Nutrient Bioconversion of Sea Cucumber (Stichopus horrens) Body Wall. Food Bioprocess Technol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-023-03227-6

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