Abstract
In this study, the determination of heavy metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Zn) in dust samples collected from different socioeconomic households in the urban area of Dhanbad city was investigated. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was utilized to detect the heavy metal content of the dust samples after digestion and filtration. The mean concentrations of Fe found 19,983.25 mg kg−1 followed by Mn (313.03 mg kg−1), Zn (296.05 mg kg−1), Cu (62.16 mg kg−1), Cr (37.87 mg kg−1), Ni (33.67 mg kg−1), Co (11.66 mg kg−1), and Cd (5.65 mg kg−1). Contamination Factor (CF) for elements Fe, Mn, Ni, and Co obtained values less than 1 signifying low contamination, CF values for element Cu ranged between 1 to 3 signifying moderate contamination whereas Zn comes under considerable contamination. CF values for elements Cd signify high contamination in all types of households. Cd was found to be highly enriched with a mean value of EF greater than 20 followed by Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, and Mn. The hazard index (HI) of selected heavy metals was less than 1 and the carcinogenic risk (CR) values for Cd, Cr, and Ni were found below safe levels (1E-06 to 1E-04) for both adults as well as children. The HI value for children was around five times that of adults, suggesting that children are at a greater risk of exposure to heavy metals in indoor dust from all socioeconomic type households.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Supplementary data is attached with this manuscript. The data presented in this study are also available on request from the corresponding authors.
References
Agarwal N, Shiva Nagendra SM, Peter AE, Yarpala D (2019) Microanalysis of the floor dust particles in the classrooms of tropical urban environment. J Inst Eng Ser A 100:447–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-019-00362-2
Ali N (2019) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor air and dust samples of different Saudi microenvironments; health and carcinogenic risk assessment for the general population. Sci Total Environ 696:133995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133995
Alotaibi MO, Albedair LA, Alotaibi NM, Elobeid MM, Al-Swadi HA, Alasmary Z, Ahmad M (2022) Pollution indexing and health risk assessment of heavy-metals-laden indoor and outdoor dust in elementary school environments in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Atmosphere (Basel) 13:464. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13030464
Arar S, Al-Hunaiti A, Masad MH, Maragkidou A, Wraith D, Hussein T (2019) Elemental contamination in indoor floor dust and its correlation with PAHs, fungi, and gram+/- bacteria. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:3552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193552
Bahloul M (2020) Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in dry atmospheric deposits from Sfax solar saltern area in southeast of Tunisia 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1117 Public Health and Health Services. J Environ Heal Sci Eng 17:1085–1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-019-00423-5
Bao L, Wang S, Sun H, Huang W, Wang G, Nan Z (2019) Assessment of source and health risk of metal(loid)s in indoor/outdoor dust of university dormitory in Lanzhou City, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:32333–32344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06365-7
Bhardwaj P, Singh B, Pandey A, Jain V, Kumar K (2017) Characterization and morphological analysis of summer and wintertime PM2. 5 aerosols over urban-rural locations in Delhi-NCR. Int J Appl Environ Sci 12:1009–1030
Bird DK (2009) The use of questionnaires for acquiring information on public perception of natural hazards and risk mitigation - A review of current knowledge and practice. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:1307–1325. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1307-2009
Blanchard O, Glorennec P, Mercier F, Bonvallot N, Chevrier C, Ramalho O, Mandin C, Bot BL (2014) Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air and settled dust in 30 French dwellings. Environ Sci Technol 48:3959–3969. https://doi.org/10.1021/es405269q
Boisa N, Odagwe BU (2019) Indoor dust-based pollution status and risk assessment for a rural town, ebedei in nigeria hosting gas flare facility. J Environ Prot (Irvine,. Calif) 10:208–220. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2019.102012
Bora J, Deka P, Bhuyan P, Sarma KP, Hoque RR (2021) Morphology and mineralogy of ambient particulate matter over mid-Brahmaputra Valley: application of SEM–EDX, XRD, and FTIR techniques. SN Appl Sci 3:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04117-8
Cao Z, Xu F, Covaci A, Wu M, Yu G, Wang B, Deng S, Huang J (2014) Differences in the seasonal variation of brominated and phosphorus flame retardants in office dust. Environ Int 65:100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.011
Cao S, Wen D, Chen X, Duan X, Zhang L, Wang B, Qin N, Wei F (2022) Source identification of pollution and health risks to metals in household indoor and outdoor dust: a cross-sectional study in a typical mining town, China. Environ Pollut 293:118551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118551
Chandramouli C, General R (2011) Census of India 2011. Provisional population totals. New Delhi: Government of India, 409–413
Chen CH, Wu CD, Chiang HC, Chu D, Lee KY, Lin WY, Yeh JI, Tsai KW, Guo YLL (2019) The effects of fine and coarse particulate matter on lung function among the elderly. Sci Rep 9:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51307-5
Cheng Z, Chen LJ, Li HH, Lin JQ, Yang ZB, Yang YX, Xu XX, Xian JR, Shao JR, Zhu XM (2018) Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via household dust from urban area in Chengdu, China. Sci Total Environ 619–620:621–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.144
Deng M, Han X, Ge J, Liang X, Du B, Li J, Zeng L (2021) Prevalence of phthalate alternatives and monoesters alongside traditional phthalates in indoor dust from a typical e-waste recycling area: source elucidation and co-exposure risk. J Hazard Mater 413:125322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125322
El-Zahhar AA, Idris AM, Fawy KF, Arshad M (2021) SEM, SEM-EDX, µ-ATR-FTIR and XRD for urban street dust characterisation. Int J Environ Anal Chem 101:988–1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2019.1674849
Gope M, Masto RE, George J, Balachandran S (2018) Tracing source, distribution and health risk of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in street dust of Durgapur, India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 154:280–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.042
Gul HK, Gullu G, Babaei P, Nikravan A, Kurt-Karakus PB, Salihoglu G (2022) Assessment of house dust trace elements and human exposure in Ankara, Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res: 7718–7735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22700-x
Gustafsson Å, Krais AM, Gorzsás A, Lundh T, Gerde P (2018) Isolation and characterization of a respirable particle fraction from residential house-dust. Environ Res 161:284–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.049
Han Q, Wang M, Cao J, Gui C, Liu Y, He X, He Y, Liu Y (2020) Health risk assessment and bioaccessibilities of heavy metals for children in soil and dust from urban parks and schools of Jiaozuo, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 191:110157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110157
Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res 14(8):975–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
Hassan SKM (2012) Metal concentrations and distribution in the household, stairs and entryway dust of some Egyptian homes. Atmos Environ 54:207–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.013
Hassan SK, El-Abssawy AA, Khoder MI (2015) Chemical composition, characterization and factors affecting household dust (<20 & #181;m) in Greater Cairo, Egypt. Open J Air Pollut 04:184–197. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojap.2015.44016
He CT, Zheng XB, Yan X, Zheng J, Wang MH, Tan X, Qiao L, Chen SJ, Yang ZY, Mai BX (2017) Organic contaminants and heavy metals in indoor dust from e-waste recycling, rural, and urban areas in South China: spatial characteristics and implications for human exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 140:109–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.041
He KQ, Yuan CG, Yin LQ, Zhang KG, Xu P yao, Xie JJ, Shen YW (2019) A comparative study on arsenic fractions in indoor/outdoor particulate matters: a case in Baoding, China. Environ. Monit Assess 191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7643-5
Hejami AA, Davis M, Prete D, Lu J, Wang S (2020) Heavy metals in indoor settled dusts in Toronto, Canada. Sci Total Environ 703:134895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134895
Hou S, Zheng N, Tang L, Ji X, Li Y, Hua X (2019) Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risk assessment of human exposure to Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb pollution in urban street dust across China between 2009 and 2018. Environ Int 128:430–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.046
Huang M, Wang W, Chan CY, Cheung KC, Man YB, Wang X, Wong MH (2014) Contamination and risk assessment (based on bioaccessibility via ingestion and inhalation) of metal(loid)s in outdoor and indoor particles from urban centers of Guangzhou, China. Sci Total Environ 479–480:117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.115
Isley CF, Fry KL, Liu X, Filippelli GM, Entwistle JA, Martin AP, Kah M, Meza-Figueroa D, Shukle JT, Jabeen K, Famuyiwa AO, Wu L, Sharifi-Soltani N, Doyi INY, Argyraki A, Ho KF, Dong C, Gunkel-Grillon P, Aelion CM, Taylor MP (2022) International analysis of sources and human health risk associated with trace metal contaminants in residential indoor dust. Environ Sci Technol 56:1053–1068. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04494
Iwegbue CMA, Oliseyenum EC, Martincigh BS (2017) Spatio-temporal distribution of metals in household dust from rural, semi-urban and urban environments in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8609-1
Iwegbue CMA, Obi G, Emoyan OO, Odali EW, Egobueze FE, Tesi GO, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS (2018) Characterization of metals in indoor dusts from electronic workshops, cybercafés and offices in southern Nigeria: implications for on-site human exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 159:342–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.070
Kaar S, Krizan D, Schwabe J, Hofmann H, Hebesberger T, Commenda C, Samek L (2018) Influence of the Al and Mn content on the structure-property relationship in density reduced TRIP-assisted sheet steels. Mater Sci Eng A 735:475–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.08.066
Kelepertzis E, Argyraki A, Botsou F, Aidona E, Szabó Á, Szabó C (2019) Tracking the occurrence of anthropogenic magnetic particles and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in house dust using magnetic and geochemical analyses. Environ Pollut 245:909–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.072
Kesavachandran CN, Kamal R, Bihari V, Pathak MK, Singh A (2015) Particulate matter in ambient air and its association with alterations in lung functions and respiratory health problems among outdoor exercisers in national capital region, India. Atmos Pollut Res 6:618–625. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2015.070
Khan D, Kumar A, Samadder SR (2016) Impact of socioeconomic status on municipal solid waste generation rate. Waste Manag 49:15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.019
Kitagawa YKL, Kumar P, Galvão ES, Santos JM, Reis NC, Nascimento EGS, Moreira DM (2022) Exposure and dose assessment of school children to air pollutants in a tropical coastal-urban area. Sci Total Environ 803:149747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149747
Kraepiel AML, Dere AL, Herndon EM, Brantley SL (2015) Natural and anthropogenic processes contributing to metal enrichment in surface soils of central Pennsylvania. Biogeochemistry 123:265–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0068-5
Kulshrestha A, Massey DD, Masih J, Taneja A (2014) Source characterization of trace elements in indoor environments at urban, rural and roadside sites in a Semi Arid Region of India. Aerosol Air Qual Res 14:1738–1751. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2013.05.0147
Kumar S, Jain MK (2022) Applied Geochemistry Characterization and morphometric study of household settled dust : a case study in Dhanbad, the coal capital of India. Appl Geochemistry 144:105398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2022.105398
Kumar A, Samadder SR (2017) An empirical model for prediction of household solid waste generation rate – A case study of Dhanbad, India. Waste Manag 68:3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.034
Latif MT, Yong SM, Saad A, Mohamad N, Baharudin NH, Mokhtar MB, Tahir NM (2014) Composition of heavy metals in indoor dust and their possible exposure: a case study of preschool children in Malaysia. Air Qual Atmos Heal 7:181–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-013-0224-9
Li X, Zhang S, Yang M (2014) Accumulation and risk assessment of heavy metals in dust in main living areas of Guiyang City, Southwest China. Chinese J Geochemistry 33:272–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-014-0687-x
Li N, Han W, Tang J, Bian J, Sun S, Song T (2018) Pollution characteristics and human health risks of elements in road dust in Changchun, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091843
Li L, Qiu Y, Gustafsson Å, Krais AM, Weiss JM, Lundh T, Bergman Å (2019) Characterization of residential household dust from Shanghai by particle size and analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants and metals. Environ Sci Eur 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-019-0279-9
Liang CS, Wu H, Li HY, Zhang Q, Li Z, He KB (2020) Efficient data preprocessing, episode classification, and source apportionment of particle number concentrations. Sci Total Environ 744:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140923
Liu B, Huang F, Yu Y, Li X, He Y, Gao L, Hu X (2021) Heavy metals in indoor dust across China: occurrence, sources and health risk assessment. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 81:67–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00849-9
Mahfouz MM, Yigiterhan O, Elnaiem AE, Hassan HM, Alfoldy B (2019) Elemental compositions of particulate matter retained on air condition unit’s filters at Greater Doha, Qatar. Environ Geochem Health 41:2533–2548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00304-8
Marinho Reis AP, Cave M, Sousa AJ, Wragg J, Rangel MJ, Oliveira AR, Patinha C, Rocha F, Orsiere T, Noack Y (2018) Lead and zinc concentrations in household dust and toenails of the residents (Estarreja, Portugal): a source-pathway-fate model. Environ Sci Process Impacts 20:1210–1224. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8em00211h
Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Zakarian JM, Dodder NG, Record RA, Hovell MF, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Padilla S, Markman L, Watanabe K, Novotny TE (2020) Persistent tobacco smoke residue in multiunit housing: legacy of permissive indoor smoking policies and challenges in the implementation of smoking bans. Prev Med Reports 18:101088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101088
Melymuk L, Demirtepe H, Jílková SR (2020) Indoor dust and associated chemical exposures. Curr Opin Environ Sci Heal 15:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2020.01.005
Men C, Liu R, Xu F, Wang Q, Guo L, Shen Z (2018) Pollution characteristics, risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 612:138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.123
Moghtaderi M, Ashraf MA, Moghtaderi T, Teshnizi SH, Nabavizadeh SH (2020) Heavy metal concentration in classroom dust samples and its relationship with childhood asthma: a study from islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Heal J 26:594–601. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.19.072
Mostafaii GR, Bakhtyari Z, Atoof F, Baziar M, Fouladi-Fard R, Rezaali M, Mirzaei N (2021) Health risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals in atmospheric dustfall in a city of Khuzestan Province, Iran. J Environ Heal Sci Eng 19:585–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00630-z
Mueller G (1979) Schwermetalle in Den Sedimenten Des Rheins - Veranderungen Seit 1971. Umsch Wissensch Techn 79:778–783
Muhamad-Darus F, Nasir RA, Sumari SM, Ismail ZS, Omar NA (2017) Nursery schools: characterization of heavy metal content in indoor dust. Asian J Environ Stud 2:63–70. https://doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v2i5.223
Naimabadi A, Ghasemi A, Mohtashami M, Saeidi J, Bakaeian M, Haddad Mashadrizeh A, Azimi-Nezhad M, Mohammadi AA (2022) Heavy metal analysis in of indoor and outdoor dust extracts and cytotoxicity evaluation and inflammation factors on lung, gastric and skin cell lines. Heliyon 8:e12414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12414
Neupane BB, Sharma A, Giri B, Joshi MK (2020) Characterization of airborne dust samples collected from core areas of Kathmandu Valley. Heliyon 6:e03791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03791
Nkansah MA, Fianko JR, Mensah S, Debrah M, Francis GW (2015) Determination of heavy metals in dust from selected nursery and kindergarten classrooms within the Kumasi metropolis of Ghana. Cogent Chem 1:1119005. https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2015.1119005
Pal M, Gope M, Basu A, Laha T, Masto RE, Labar R, Kundu TK, Hoque RR, Khillare PS, Balachandran S (2021) Indoor quality of residential homes and schools of an industrial area in asansol: characterization, bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 20:13–28. https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2021.V20I01.002
Parhizkar G, Doroodzani AK, Dobaradaran S, Ramavandi B, Hashemi SE, Raeisi A, Nabipour I, Keshmiri S, Darabi AH, Afrashte S, Khamisipour G, Keshtkar M (2021) Childhood exposure to metal(loid)s in industrial and urban areas along the Persian Gulf using toenail tissue as a biomarker. Environ Pollut 291:118090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118090
Park DI (2021) Development and validation of a knowledge, attitudes and practices questionnaire on covid-19 (Kap covid-19). Int J Environ Res Public Health 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147493
Patel DK, Jain MK (2021) Health risk assessment of trace element in the ambient air along the roadside in Dhanbad, India. Int J Environ Sci Technol 19(5):4107–4122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03266-6
Pipal AS, Rohra H, Tiwari R, Taneja A (2021) Particle size distribution, morphometric study and mixing structure of accumulation and ultrafine aerosols emitted from indoor activities in different socioeconomic micro-environment. Atmos Pollut Res 12:101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2021.02.015
Pobi KK, Nayek S, Gope M, Rai AK, Saha R (2020) Sources evaluation, ecological and health risk assessment of potential toxic metals (PTMs) in surface soils of an industrial area, India. Environ Geochem Health 42:4159–4180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00517-2
Prabhu V, Gupta SK, Madhwal S, Shridhar V (2019) Exposure to atmospheric particulates and associated respirable deposition dose to street vendors at the residential and commercial sites in Dehradun City. Saf Health Work 10:237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2019.01.005
Rahman MS, Jolly YN, Akter S, Kamal NA, Rahman R, Choudhury TR, Begum BA (2021a) Sources of toxic elements in indoor dust sample at export processing zone (EPZ) area: Dhaka, Bangladesh; and their impact on human health. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13167-3
Rahman MS, Kumar P, Ullah M, Jolly YN, Akhter S, Kabir J, Begum BA, Salam A (2021b) Elemental analysis in surface soil and dust of roadside academic institutions in Dhaka city, Bangladesh and their impact on human health. Environ Chem Ecotoxicol 3:197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2021.06.001
Rasmussen PE, Levesque C, Chénier M, Gardner HD (2018) Contribution of metals in resuspended dust to indoor and personal inhalation exposures: relationships between PM10 and settled dust. Build Environ 143:513–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.07.044
Rohra H, Tiwari R, Khandelwal N, Taneja A (2018) Mass distribution and health risk assessment of size segregated particulate in varied indoor microenvironments of Agra, India - A case study. Urban Clim 24:139–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2018.01.002
Rout TK, Masto RE, Padhy PK, Ram LC, George J, Joshi G (2015) Heavy metals in dusts from commercial and residential areas of Jharia coal mining town. Environ Earth Sci 73:347–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3429-9
Safiur Rahman M, Khan MDH, Jolly YN, Kabir J, Akter S, Salam A (2019) Assessing risk to human health for heavy metal contamination through street dust in the Southeast Asian Megacity: Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ 660:1610–1622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.425
Sahu D, Ramteke S, Dahariya NS, Sahu BL, Patel KS, Matini L, Nicolas J, Yubero E, Hoinkis J (2016) Assessment of road dust contamination in India. Atmos Clim Sci 06:77–88. https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2016.61006
Sahu V, Elumalai SP, Gautam S, Singh NK, Singh P (2018) Characterization of indoor settled dust and investigation of indoor air quality in different micro-environments. Int J Environ Health Res 28:419–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2018.1481498
Saraga D, Maggos T, Sadoun E, Fthenou E, Hassan H, Tsiouri V, Karavoltsos S, Sakellari A, Vasilakos C, Kakosimos K (2017) Chemical characterization of indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) in Doha, Qatar. Aerosol Air Qual Res 17:1156–1168. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2016.05.0198
Shi T, Wang Y (2021) Heavy metals in indoor dust: Spatial distribution, influencing factors, and potential health risks. Sci Total Environ 755:142367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142367
Siddiqui AU, Jain MK, Masto RE (2020) Pollution evaluation, spatial distribution, and source apportionment of trace metals around coal mines soil: the case study of eastern India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:10822–10834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06915-z
Singh P, Saini R, Taneja A (2014) Physicochemical characteristics of PM2.5: low, middle, and high-income group homes in Agra, India-a case study. Atmos Pollut Res 5:352–360. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.041
Suresh G, Ramasamy V, Meenakshisundaram V, Venkatachalapathy R, Ponnusamy V (2011) Influence of mineralogical and heavy metal composition on natural radionuclide concentrations in the river sediments. Appl Radiat Isot 69:1466–1474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.05.020
Tao Y, Yuan Y, Cui Y, Zhu L, Zhao Z, Ma S, Ye Z, Ge X (2021) Comparative analysis of the chemical characteristics and sources of fine atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) at two sites in Changzhou, China. Atmos Pollut Res 12(8):101124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2021.101124
Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1995) The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Rev Geophys 33(2):241–265. https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00262
Tomlinson DL, Wilson JG, Harris CR, Jeffrey DW (1980) Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 33:566–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02414780
Torres-Sánchez R, de la Campa AMS, Beltrán M, Sánchez-Rodas D, de la Rosa JD (2017) Geochemical anomalies of household dust in an industrialized city (Huelva, SW Spain). Sci Total Environ 587–588:473–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.167
Turner A (2019) Cadmium pigments in consumer products and their health risks. Sci Total Environ 657:1409–1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.096
Ugwu KE, Ofomatah AC (2021) Concentration and risk assessment of toxic metals in indoor dust in selected schools in Southeast, Nigeria. SN Appl Sci 3:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04099-7
Underhill LJ, Bose S, Williams DL, Romero KM, Malpartida G, Breysse PN, Klasen EM, Combe JM, Checkley W, Hansel NN (2015) Association of roadway proximity with indoor air pollution in a Peri-urban community in Lima, Peru. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:13466–13481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121013466
USEPA (2001) Risk assessment guidance for superfund (RAGS) volume III - Part A: process for conducting probabilistic risk assessment, appendix B. Off Emerg Remedial Response US Environ Prot Agency III:1–385
Victoria A, Dampare S, Cobbina SJ, Duwiejuah AB (2014) Heavy metals concentration in road dust in the Bolgatanga Municipality, Ghana heavy metals concentration in road dust in the Bolgatanga Municipality, Ghana. J Environ Pollut Hum Heal 2:74–80. https://doi.org/10.12691/jephh-2-4-1
Wan X, Kang S, Rupakheti M, Zhang Q, Tripathee L, Guo J, Chen P, Rupakheti D, Panday AK, Lawrence MG, Kawamura K, Cong Z (2019) Molecular characterization of organic aerosols in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: insights into primary and secondary sources. Atmos Chem Phys 19:2725–2747. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2725-2019
Wang B, Gao F, Li Y, Lin C, Cheng H, Duan X (2022) Assessment of children’s metal exposure via hand wipe, outdoor soil and indoor dust and their associations with blood biomarkers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:14614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114614
Wang M, Lv Y, Lv X, Wang Q, Li Y, Lu P, Yu H, Wei P, Cao Z, An T (2023) Distribution, sources and health risks of heavy metals in indoor dust across China. Chemosphere 313:137595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137595
Yaparla D, Nagendra SMS, Gummadi SN (2019) Characterization and health risk assessment of indoor dust in biomass and LPG-based households of rural Telangana, India. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2019.1668874
Ying L, Shaogang L, Xiaoyang C (2016) Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of a coal mining city in East China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 22:1359–1374. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2016.1174924
Zeng L, Du B, Lv L, Gao J, Zhang C, Tong L, Liu G (2020) Occupant exposure and ventilation conditions in Chinese residential kitchens: Site survey and measurement for an old residential community in Shanghai. J Build Eng 31:101406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101406
Zhang Y, Zhao B, Jiang Y, Xing J, Sahu SK, Zheng H, Ding D, Cao S, Han L, Yan C, Duan X, Hu J, Wang S, Hao J (2022) Non-negligible contributions to human health from increased household air pollution exposure during the COVID-19 lockdown in China. Environ Int 158:106918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106918
Zhao N, Lu X, Chao S, Xu X (2015) Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in less than 100 μm particles of street dust from Xining, China. Environ Earth Sci 73:2319–2327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3578-x
Zhao X, Li Z, Wang D, Tao Y, Qiao F, Lei L, Huang J, Ting Z (2021) Characteristics, source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure via household dust from six cities in China. Sci Total Environ 762:143126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143126
Zhou L, Liu G, Shen M, Hu R, Sun M, Liu Y (2019) Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in indoor dust from different functional areas in Hefei, China. Environ Pollut 251:839–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.058
Zhou L, Liu G, Shen M, Hu R, Liu Y (2020) Source identification of heavy metals and stable carbon isotope in indoor dust from different functional areas in Hefei, China. Sci Total Environ 710:135599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135599
Zhou L, Liu G, Shen M, Liu Y (2022) Potential ecological and health risks of heavy metals for indoor and corresponding outdoor dust in Hefei, Central China. Chemosphere 302:134864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134864
Živančev J, Antić I, Buljovčić M, Đurišić-Mladenović N (2022) A case study on the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust of Serbian households: distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment. Chemosphere 295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133856
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Shravan Kumar: Writing- Original draft preparation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Visualization. Manish Kumar Jain: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing Reviewing, and Editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, S., Jain, M.K. A comparative study of health risks of selected potentially toxic metals in household dust from different socio-economical houses of Dhanbad city, India. Air Qual Atmos Health (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01527-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01527-0