Abstract
Light is the most essential environmental factor that plants require for the growth and development. However, light is highly heterogeneous in natural condition, and plants have to evolve a series of strategies to acclimate the dynamic light since it is sessile. The photosynthetic performance and regulatory mechanisms involved in acclimation were elucidated in shade-tolerant plant Amorphophallus xiei under steady state and fluctuating high light. The dissipation and allocation of light energy, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidant defense were examined in A. xiei cultivated under 4%, 17%, and 100% of full sunlight. High-light-grown plants exhibited reduced photosynthesis and the slowest response to simulated sunflecks than the other two treatments. Maximum and actual efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv′/Fm′ and ΦPSII) and electron transport rate (ETR) were lowest, and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were highest in high-light-grown plants than in low- and intermediate-light-grown plants subjected to different photon flux densities (PFD) and intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci). Fv′/Fm′, ΦPSII, ETR and NPQ were lowest in high-light-grown A. xiei than others, when plants were exposed to simulated sunflecks. In fully light-induced leaves, high-light-grown plants showed a maximum value in quantum efficiency of light-dependent thermal dissipation (ΦNPQ), and a minimum value in ΦPSII was recorded. Low-light-grown plants subjected to simulated sunflecks, a maximum value in ΦNPQ and ΦPSII were observed. Mass-based nitrogen content (Narea), specific leaf area (SLA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities significantly declined with the increase of growth irradiance. The high-light-grown plants showed higher xanthophyll de-epoxidation and ascorbate–glutathione cycle activity, while low-light-grown plants showed higher neoxanthin and β-carotene contents. In general, high-light-grown A. xiei generally show a depressed photosynthetic capacity, and are efficient in dissipating excess light energy by NPQ under a steady-state light but not under a highly fluctuating light. Low-light-grown plants show a rapid photosynthetic assimilation response to sunflecks and then a rapid activation of the energy-dependent quenching (qE) component of NPQ under the sunflecks. In addition, high-light-grown plants, although using various strategies to reduce light absorption and to scavenge reactive oxygen species, have less efficient protection against photodamage.
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Abbreviations
- A:
-
Antheraxanthin
- APX:
-
Ascorbate peroxidase
- AQY:
-
Apparent quantum yield
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- C i :
-
Intercellular CO2 concentration
- CCP:
-
CO2 compensation point
- CE:
-
Carboxylation efficiency
- CEF:
-
Cyclic electron flow
- DHAR:
-
Dehydroascorbic acid reductase
- DTNB:
-
Dithio-bis-nitrobenzoic acid
- EDTA:
-
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
- ETR:
-
Electron transport rate
- F 0 :
-
Predawn minimum Chl a fluorescence yield
- F m :
-
Predawn maximum Chl a fluorescence yield
- F v/F m :
-
Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II
- F v′/F m′:
-
Maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry in the light
- GR:
-
Glutathione reductase
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- LCP:
-
Light compensation point
- LHCII:
-
Light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex of photosystem II
- LHC:
-
Light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex
- LSP:
-
Light saturation point
- MDHAR:
-
Monodehydroascorbic acid reductase
- N:
-
Nitrogen
- N cb :
-
Nitrogen content in carboxylation component
- N et :
-
Nitrogen content of electron transport components
- N lc :
-
Nitrogen content in light capture component
- N non-psn :
-
Non-photosynthetic nitrogen content
- N psn :
-
Photosynthetic nitrogen content
- NPQ:
-
Non-photochemical quenching
- O2 − :
-
Superoxide ions
- PFD:
-
Photon flux density
- PSII:
-
Photosystem II
- POD:
-
Peroxidase
- P cb :
-
Coefficients for leaf nitrogen partitioning into carboxylation component
- P et :
-
Coefficients for leaf nitrogen partitioning into electron transport component
- P lc :
-
Coefficients for leaf nitrogen partitioning into light capture component
- P low :
-
The initial photosynthetic rate under the low light conditions (20 μmol m–2 s–1)
- P high :
-
The maximal photosynthetic rate achieved in response to the simulated sunfleck
- P max :
-
Maximum photosynthetic assimilation rate
- P net :
-
Net photosynthetic assimilation
- P psn :
-
Coefficients for leaf nitrogen partitioning in photosynthetic components
- P non-psn :
-
Coefficients for leaf nitrogen partitioning in non-photosynthetic components
- qE:
-
Energy-dependent quenching
- R d :
-
Dark respiration rate
- qI:
-
Photoinhibitory quenching
- qT:
-
State transitions
- qZ:
-
Zeaxanthin-dependent quenching
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SLA:
-
Specific leaf area
- SLN:
-
Area-based N content
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TCA:
-
Trichloroacetic acid
- t 50% :
-
Time required to reach 50% of Pmax
- t 90% :
-
Time required to reach 90% of Pmax
- V:
-
Violaxanthin
- VDE:
-
Violaxanthin deepoxidase
- Z:
-
Zeaxanthin
- Φf ,D :
-
Combined quantum efficiency of fluorescence and constitutive thermal dissipation
- ΦNPQ :
-
Quantum efficiency of light-dependent thermal dissipation
- ΦPSII :
-
Actual efficiency of PSII photochemistry in the light
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The study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31160392) and the Project of Young and Middle-Aged Talent of Yunnan Province (2019HB093).
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Zhang, J., Xie, S., Yan, S. et al. Light energy partitioning and photoprotection from excess light energy in shade-tolerant plant Amorphophallus xiei under steady-state and fluctuating high light. Acta Physiol Plant 43, 125 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-021-03298-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-021-03298-y