Abstract
In this work, the clay mineral vermiculite (VT) was treated using the bromide form of quaternary alkylammonium salts—ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium (EHDDMAB), hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMAB), tetradecyltrimethylammonium (TDTMAB) and tetrabutylammonium (TBAB), in order to obtain the organo-vermiculites (OVT) named as VT-EHDDMA, VT-HDTMA, VT-TDTMA and VT-TBA, respectively. These sorbents and the precursor VT were characterized using several techniques which allowed to infer the intercalation of the alkylammonium salts in the interlayer space of VT, except VT-TBA, and these materials were evaluated as sorbents for ibuprofen and paracetamol. VT and OVT presented no significant interactions with paracetamol and sorbed less than 10% of the initial concentration. On the other hand, two OVT sorbents demonstrated high efficiency in the sorption of ibuprofen, and the maximum percent removal was higher than 92% for VT-EHDDMA and VT-HDTMA, with a maximum sorption capacity of 52 ± 2 mg g−1 (VT-EHDDMA) and 54 ± 2 mg g−1 (VT-HDTMA), whereas 16 ± 2 mg g−1 was observed for VT. These results suggest that the low-cost OVT could be considered as appropriate sorbent for ibuprofen removal from aqueous medium, and probably as a promising sorbent for drugs of a wide polarity range, with neutral, acid and basic characteristics.
Graphic abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abate G, Masini JC (2005) Sorption of atrazine, propazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and hydroxyatrazine onto organovermiculite. J Braz Chem Soc 16:936–943. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532005000600008
Ali I, Al-Othman ZA, Alwarthan A (2016) Synthesis of composite iron nano adsorbent and removal of ibuprofen drug residue from water. J Mol Liq 219:858–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.04.031
Álvarez-Torrellas S, Rodríguez A, Ovejero G, García J (2016) Comparative adsorption performance of ibuprofen and tetracycline from aqueous solution by carbonaceous materials. Chem Eng J 283:936–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.023
Ayyappan CS, Lima EC (2018) Removal of emerging contaminants by adsorption. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 150:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.026
Banerjee P, Das P, Zaman A, Das P (2016) Application of graphene oxide nanoplatelets for adsorption of Ibuprofen from aqueous solutions: evaluation of process kinetics and thermodynamics. Process Saf Environ Prot 101:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.01.021
Beninati S, Semeraro D, Mastragostino M (2008) Adsorption of paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid onto commercial activated carbons. Adsorption Sci Technol 26(9):721–734. https://doi.org/10.1260/026361708788251349
Bertagnolli C, Silva MGC (2012) Characterization of Brazilian bentonite organoclays as sorbents of petroleum-derived fuels. Mater Res 15:253–259. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392012005000017
Berthonneau J, Hoover CG, Grauby O, Baronnet A, Pellenq RJ-M, Ulm F-J (2017) Crystal-chemistry control of the mechanical properties of 2:1 clay minerals. Appl Clay Sci 143:387–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.04.010
Bhadra BN, Ahmed I, Kim S, Jhung SH (2017) Adsorptive removal of ibuprofen and diclofenac from water using metalorganic framework-derived porous carbon. Chem Eng J 314:50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.12.127
Chakraborty P, Banerjee S, Kumar S, Sadhukhan S, Halder G (2018) Elucidation of ibuprofen uptake capability of raw and steam activatedbiochar of Aegle marmelos shell: Isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics and cost estimation. Process Saf Environ Prot 118:10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.06.015
Chauhan M, Saini VK, Suthar S (2020) Enhancement in selective adsorption and removal efficiency of natural clay by intercalation of Zr-pillars into its layered nanostructure. J Cleaner Prod 258:120686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120686
Chen Y, Wang M, Zhou X, Fu H, Qu X, Zhu D (2021) Sorption fractionation of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on mineral surfaces and associated effects on phenanthrene sorption to EPS-mineral complexes. Chemosphere 263:128264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128264
Choi J, Shin WS (2020) Removal of Salicylic and Ibuprofen by Hexadecyltrimethylammonium-Modified Montmorillonite and Zeolite. Miner 10:898. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10100898
Chopra S, Kumar D (2020) Ibuprofen as an emerging organic contaminant in environment, distribution and remediation. Heliyon 6:e04087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04087
Ciesielczyk F, Żółtowska-Aksamitowska S, Jankowska K, Zembrzuska J, Zdarta J, Jesionowski T (2019) The role of novel lignosulfonate-based sorbent in a sorption mechanism of active pharmaceutical ingredient: batch adsorption tests and interaction study. Adsorption 25:865–880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-019-00099-1
De Paiva LB, Morales AR, Díaz FRV (2008) Organoclays: Properties, preparation and applications. Appl Clay Sci 42:8–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.02.006
Dogar NA, Khan IU, Bashir B, Khan NA (2013) Spectrophotometric determination of ibuprofen in visible region of spectrum. J Scient Innov Res 2:330–341
Dordio AV, Miranda S, Ramalho JPP, Carvalho AJP (2017) Mechanisms of removal of three widespread pharmaceutical by two clay minerals. J Hazard Mater 323:575–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.091
Dos Anjos VE, Rohwedder JR, Cadore S, Abate G, Grassi MT (2014) Montmorillonite and vermiculite as solid phases for the preconcentration of trace elements in natural waters: Adsorption and desorption studies of As, Ba, Cu, Cd Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn. Appl Clay Sci 99:289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.07.013
Dultz S, Riebe B, Bunnenberg C (2005) Temperature effects on iodine adsorption on organo-clay minerals II. Struct Effects Appl Clay Sci 28:17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2004.01.005
Duman O, Tunç S (2008) Electrokinetic properties of vermiculite and expanded vermiculite: effects of pH, clay concentration and mono- and multivalent electrolytes. Sep Sci Technol 43:3755–3776. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390802219109
Erasmus LJ, Prinsloo J (1989) The potential of a phyllosilicate (Palabora Vermiculite) as buffer in dairy cattle diets. J Dairy Sci 72:964–971. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79190-6
Ferronato C, Silva B, Costa F, Tavares T (2016) Vermiculite bio-barriers for Cu and Zn remediation: an eco-friendly approach for freshwater and sediments protection. Int J Environ Sci Technol 13:1219–1228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-0957-8
Froehner S, Machado KS, Falcão F (2010) Adsorption of dibenzothiophene by vermiculite in hydrophobic form, impregnated with copper ions and in natural form. Water, Air, Soil Poll 209:357–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0204-8
Gonzalez G, Sagarzazu A, Zoltan T (2013) Influence of microstructure in drug release behavior of silica nanocapsules. J Drug Deliv 2013:803585. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/803585
Guedidi H, Lakehal I, Reinert L, Lévêque J-M, Bellakhal N, Duclaux L (2020) Removal of ionic liquids and ibuprofen by adsorption on a microporous activated carbon: kinetics, isotherms, and pore sites. Arab J Chem 13:258–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.03.007
Guedidi H, Reinert L, Soneda Y, Bellakhal N, Duclaux L (2017) Adsorption of ibuprofen from aqueous solution on chemically surface-modified activated carbon cloths. Arab J Chem 10:S3584–S3594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.03.007
Gutz IGR (2021) CurTiPot: pH and Acid–base titration curves: analysis and simulation freeware, version 4.3.1. http://www.iq.usp.br/gutz/Curtipot.html
Han H, Rafiq MK, Zhou T, Xu R, Mašek O, Li X (2019) A critical review of clay-based composites with enhanced adsorption performance for metal and organic pollutants. J Hazard Mater 369:780–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.003
Hsu YH, Wang MK, Pai CW, Wang YS (2000) Sorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy propionic acid by organo-clay complexes. Appl Clay Sci 16:147–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(99)00039-3
Hundáková M, Tokarský J, Valášková M, Slobodian P, Pazdziora E, Kimmer D (2015) Structure and antibacterial properties of polyethylene/organo-vermiculite composites. Solid State Sci 48:197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2015.08.011
Indrasumunar A, Gresshoff PM (2013) Vermiculite’ s strong buffer capacity renders it unsuitable for studies of acidity on soybean (Glycine max L.) nodulation and growth. BMC Res Notes 14:465–472
Işçi S (2017) Intercalation of vermiculite in presence of surfactants. Appl Clay Sci 146:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.05.030
James CA, Lanksbury J, Khangaonkar T, West J (2020) Evaluating exposures of bay mussels (Mytilus trossulus) to contaminants of emerging concern through environmental sampling and hydrodynamic modeling. Sci Total Environ 709:136098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136098
Jaynes WF, Boyd SA (1991) Clay mineral type and organic compound sorption by hexadecyltrimethylammonium-exchanged clays. Soil Sci Soc Am J 55:43–48. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500010007x
Khan MN, Sarwar A (2007) Determination of points of zero charge of natural and treated sorbents. Surf Rev Lett 14:461–469. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X07009517
Kollarahithlu SC, Balakrishnan RM (2019) Adsorption of ibuprofen using cysteine-modified silane-coated magnetic nanomaterial. Environ Sci Poll Res 26:34117–34126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3272-8
Koyuncu H, Yıldız N, Salgın U, Köroğlu F, Çalımlı A (2011) Adsorption of o-, m- and p-nitrophenols onto organically modified bentonites. J Hazard Mater 185:1332–1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.050
Li G, Srivastava A, Liu C, Qiao W (2020) Interactions of doxorubicin hydrochloride in the presence of, mixed aggregate of ibuprofen sodium and cationic lipid. J Mol Liq 313:113451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113451
Liu S, Wu P, Chen M, Yu L, Kang C, Zhu N, Dang Z (2017) Amphoteric modified vermiculites as adsorbents for enhancing removal of organic pollutants: bisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A. Environ Poll 228:277–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.082
Machado KC, Grassi MT, Vidal C, Pescara IC, Jardim WF, Fernandes NA, Sodré FF, Almeida FV, Santana JS, Canela MC, Nunes CRO, Bichinho KM, Severo FJR (2016) A preliminary nationwide survey of the presence of emerging contaminants in drinking and source waters in Brazil. Sci Total Environ 572:138–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.210
Majeed BAA, Muhseen RJ, Jassim NJ (2018) Adsorption of diclofenac sodium and ibuprofen by bentonite polyureaformaldehyde thermodynamics and kinetics study. Iraqi J Chem Pet Eng 19:29–43
Manrique J, Martínez F (2007) Solubility of ibuprofen in some ethanol + water cosolvent mixtures at several temperatures. Latin Amer J Pharm 26:344–354
Marcos C, Arango YC, Rodriguez I (2009) X-Ray diffraction studies of the thermal behaviour of commercial vermiculites. Appl Clay Sci 42:368–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.03.004
Martín J, Orta MM, Medina-Carrasco S, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E (2019) Evaluation of a modified mica and montmorillonite for the adsorption of ibuprofen from aqueous media. Appl Clay Sci 171:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.02.002
Martínez-Costa JI, Rivera-Utrilla J, Leyva-Ramos R, Sánchez-Polo M, Velo-Gala I (2018) Individual and simultaneous degradation of antibiotics sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim by UV and solar radiation in aqueous solution using bentonite and vermiculite as photocatalysts. Appl Clay Sci 160:217–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.12.026
Maryam B, Buscio V, Odabasi SU, Buyukgungor H (2020) A study on behavior, interaction and rejection of paracetamol, diclofenac and ibuprofen (PhACs) from wastewater by nanofiltration membranes. Environ Technol Innovations 18:100641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.100641
Massinga PH Jr, Focke WW, Vaal PLD, Atanasova M (2010) Alkyl ammonium intercalation of Mozambican bentonite. Appl Clay Sci 49:142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.04.017
Mc Bride MB (1994) Environmental chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press, New York
Mikeska M, Bureček A, Dutko O, Martynková GS, Vallová S, Hružík L, Plachá D (2018) Regeneration of organovermiculite with thermal treatment after sorption processes. Mater Today Proc 5:S29–S37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.05.054
Mohseni-Bandpei A, Eslami A, Kazemian H, Zarrabi M, Al-Musawi TJ (2020) A high density 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane grafted pumice-derived silica aerogel as an efficient adsorbent for ibuprofen: characterization and optimization of the adsorption data using response surface methodology. Environ Sci Technol 18:100642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.100642
Moyo F, Tandlich R, Wilhelmi BS, Balaz S (2014) Sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds on natural sorbents and organoclays from aqueous and non-aqueous solutions: a mini-review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11:5020–5048. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110505020
Osman MA (2006) Organo-vermiculites: synthesis, structure and properties. Platelike nanoparticles with high aspect ratio. J Mater Chem 16:3007–3013. https://doi.org/10.1039/B606036F
Padilla-Ortega E, Darder M, Aranda P, Gouveia RF, Levya-Ramos R, Ruiz-Hitzky E (2016) Ultrasound assisted preparation of chitosan–vermiculite bionanocomposite foams for cadmium uptake. Appl Clay Sci 130:40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.11.024
Parisi F (2020) Adsorption and separation of crystal violet, cerium(III) and lead(ii) by means of a multi-step strategy based on k10-montmorillonite. Miner 10:466. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050466
Patel M, Kumar R, Kishor K, Mlsna T, Pittman CU, Mohan D (2019) Pharmaceuticals of emerging concern in aquatic systems: chemistry, occurrence, effects, and removal methods. Chem Rev 119:3510–3673. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00299
Phasuphan W, Praphairaksit N, Imyim A (2019) Removal of ibuprofen, diclofenac, and naproxen from water using chitosan-modified waste tire crumb rubber. J Mol Liq 294:111554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111554
Plachá D, Kovář P, Vaněk J, Mikeska M, Škrlová K, Dutko O, Řehačková L, Slabotinsky J (2020) Adsorption of nerve agent simulants onto vermiculite structure: Experiments and modeling. J Hazard Mat 382:121001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121001
Plachá D, Martynková GS, Rümmeli MH (2008) Preparation of organovermiculites using HDTMA: Structure and sorptive properties using naphthalene. J Coll Interf Sci 327:341–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.08.026
Plachá D, Martynková GS, Bachmatiuk A, Peikertová P, Seidlerová J, Rümmeli MH (2014) The influence of pH on organovermiculite structure stability. Appl Clay Sci 93–94:17–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.03.008
Prola LDT, Machado FM, Bergmann CP, Souza FE, Gally CR, Lima EC, Adebayo MA, Dias SL, Calvete T (2013) Adsorption of direct blue 53 dye from aqueous solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes and activated carbon. J Environ Manag 130:166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.003
Puszkarewicz A, Kaleta J, Papciak D (2017) Application of powdery activated carbons for removal ibuprofen from water. J Ecol Eng 18:169–177. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/74289
Rao W, Piliouras P, Wang X, Guido A, Kugler K, Sieren B, Wang L, Lv G, Li Z (2020) Zwitterionic dye rhodamine B (RhB) uptake on different types of clay minerals. Appl Clay Sci 197:105790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105790
Robinson NJ, Kitching M (2016) The 3D distribution of phyllosilicate clay minerals in western Victoria. Geoderma 284:152–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.07.006
Santaeufemia S, Torres E, Abalde J (2018) Biosorption of ibuprofen from aqueous solution using living and dead biomass of the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. J Appl Phyc 30:471–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1273-5
Santos SSG, Silva HRM, De Souza AG, Alves APM, Da Silva Filho EC, Fonseca MG (2015) Acid-leached mixed vermiculites obtained by treatment with nitric acid. Appl Clay Sci 104:286–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.12.008
Septian A, Shin WS (2020) Removal of sulfadiazine and ciprofloxacin by clays and manganese oxide: coupled sorption-oxidation kinetic model. Chemosphere 250:126251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126251
Shrestha BR, Pradhananga RR (2009) Spectrophotometric method for the determination of paracetamol. J Nepal Chem Soc 24:39–44. https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v24i0.2389
Silva B, Tuuguu E, Costa F, Rocha V, Lago A, Tavares T (2017) Permeable biosorbent barrier for wastewater remediation. Environ Process 4:195–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-017-0220-4
Stawiński W, Freitas O, Chmielarz L, Węgrzyn A, Komędera K, Błachowski A, Figueiredo S (2016) The influence of acid treatments over vermiculite-based material as adsorbent for cationic textile dyestuffs. Chemosphere 153:115–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.004
Styszko K, Nosek K, Motak M, Bester K (2015) Preliminary selection of clay minerals for the removal of pharmaceuticals, bisphenol A and triclosan in acidic and neutral aqueous solutions. C R Chim 18:1134–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2015.05.015
Su X, Ma L, Wei J, Zhu R (2016) Structure and thermal stability of organo-vermiculite. Appl Clay Sci 132–133:261–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.06.011
Taleb F, Mosbah MB, Elaloui E, Moussaoui Y (2017) Adsorption of ibuprofen sodium salt onto Amberlite resin IRN-78: Kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic investigations. Korean J Chem Eng 34:1141–1148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-017-0012-6
Tohdee K, Kaewsichan L (2018) Enhancement of adsorption efficiency of heavy metal Cu (II) and Zn (II) onto cationic surfactant modified bentonite. J Environ Chem Eng 6:2821–2828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.04.030
Tuchowska M, Wołowiec M, Solińska A, Kościelniak A, Bajda T (2019) Organo-modified vermiculite: preparation, characterization, and sorption of arsenic compounds. Miner 9:483–505. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9080483
Van Tran T, Nguyen DTC, Le HTN, Nguyen OTK, Nguyen VH, Nguyen TT, Bach LG, Nguyen TD (2019) A hollow mesoporous carbon from metal-organic framework for robust adsorbability of ibuprofen drug in water. R Soc Open Sci 6:190058. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4496075
Watkinson RM, Herkenne C, Guy RH, Hadgraft J, Oliveira G, Lane ME (2009) Influence of ethanol on the solubility, ionization and permeation characteristics of ibuprofen in silicone and human skin. Skin Pharm Phys 22:1521. https://doi.org/10.1159/000183922
Węgrzyn A, Stawiński W, Freitas O, Komęderac K, Błachowskic A, Jęczmionek Ł, Dańko T, Mordarski G, Figueiredo S (2018) Study of adsorptive materials obtained by wet fine milling and acid activation of vermiculite. Appl Clay Sci 155:37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.01.002
Wei SY (2012) Surface properties and selenate adsorption of hydroxyiron-vermiculite complexes. Adv Mater Res 482–484:1201–1204
Yan H, Zhang P, Chen X, Bao C, Zhao R, Hu J, Liu C, Lin Q (2020) Preparation and characterization of octyl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether modified organo-montmorillonite for ibuprofen controlled release. Appl Clay Sci 189:105519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105519
Yang R, Cai J, Yang H (2021) Enhanced reactivity of zero-valent aluminum/O2 by using Fe-bearing clays in 4-chlorophenol oxidation. Sci Total Environ 773:145661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145661
Yang S, Huang Z, Li C, Li W, Yang L, Wu P (2020) Individual and simultaneous adsorption of tetracycline and cadmium by dodecyl dimethyl betaine modified vermiculite. Coll Surf A 602:125171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125171
Yu M, Gao M, Shen T, Wang J (2018) Organo-vermiculites modified by low-dosage Gemini surfactants with different spacers for adsorption toward p-nitrophenol. Coll Surf A 553:601–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.095
Zeng H, Gao M, Shen T, Ding F (2018) Organo silica nanosheets with gemini surfactants for rapid adsorption of ibuprofen from aqueous solutions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 93:329–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2018.07.038
Zhang M, Huang Y, Hao D, Ji Y, Ouyang D (2020) Solvation structure and molecular interactions of ibuprofen with ethanol and water: a theoretical study. Fluid Phase Equilib 510:112454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2019.112454
Zheng S, Sun Z, Park Y, Ayoko GA, Frost RL (2013) Removal of bisphenol A from wastewater by Ca-montmorillonite modified with selected surfactants. Chem Eng J 234:416–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.08.115
Zhou L, He Y, Gou S, Zhang Q, Liu L, Tang L, Zhou X, Duan M (2020) Efficient inhibition of montmorillonite swelling through controlling flexibly structure of piperazine-based polyether gemini quaternary ammonium salts. Chem Eng J 383:123190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123190
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologias Analíticas Avançadas (INCTAA 465768/2014-8), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), CTHIDRO 01/2013 and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the financial support. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001. The authors also thank the Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica (CME) of Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) for the SEM images.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Batista, L.F.A., de Mira, P.S., De Presbiteris, R.J.B. et al. Vermiculite modified with alkylammonium salts: characterization and sorption of ibuprofen and paracetamol. Chem. Pap. 75, 4199–4216 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01643-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01643-6