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Variation in phenolic acids and antibacterial attributes of peel extracts from ripe and unripe [Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck] fruit

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Abstract

This study reveals variation in phenolic acids and antimicrobial attributes of peel extracts from ripe and unripe lisbon lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck] fruit. Total phenolic contents in ripened lemon peels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher (138.66–344.33 GAE mg/g DW) than the unripen lemon peel (122.33–277.10 GAE mg/g DW). The total amount of individual phenolic acids as analyzed by RP-HPLC in unripe and ripened peels ranged from 3.8 ± 2.2 to 1453.6 ± 66.4 and 3.4 ± 1.8 to 1772 ± 64 mg/kg, respectively with gallic, caffeic, cinnamic, syringic, vanilic, vanillin, p-coumaric, m-coumaric and o-coumaric acids as the main compounds detected. As per disk diffusion measurement, different solvent (methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform) extracts from ripened and unripe lemon peel exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against four bacterial strains including Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with 50% chloroform extracts having the best potential. The composition of phenolics and antimicrobial activity of tested peels varied notably in relation to extraction solvents and fruit maturity stages. Overall, the present results support potential uses of limon peels as a natural source of high-value phenolics/antimicrobial agents for nutra-pharmaceutical developments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan

    Tahir Mehmood, Anum Afzal, Farooq Anwar & Rahman Qadir

  2. Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences-UVAS, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan

    Tahir Mehmood

  3. National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan

    Najma Memon & Ayaz A. Memon

Authors
  1. Tahir Mehmood
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  2. Anum Afzal
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  3. Farooq Anwar
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  4. Najma Memon
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  5. Ayaz A. Memon
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  6. Rahman Qadir
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Correspondence to Tahir Mehmood or Farooq Anwar.

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Mehmood, T., Afzal, A., Anwar, F. et al. Variation in phenolic acids and antibacterial attributes of peel extracts from ripe and unripe [Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck] fruit. Food Measure 14, 1325–1332 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-020-00380-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-020-00380-w

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