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Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Citrus Seeds and Seed Oils from Pakistan

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Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

Abstract

The physico-chemical characteristics of the seeds and seed oils of four citrus species, Mitha (Citrus limetta), Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), Mussami (Citrus sinensis), and Kinnow (Citrus reticulata) were investigated. The hexane-extracted oil content of citrus seeds ranged from 27.0 to 36.5%. The protein, fiber and ash contents were found to be 3.9–9.6%, 5.0–8.5%, and 4.6–5.6%, respectively. The extracted oils exhibited an iodine value of 99.9–110.0; refractive index (40 °C), 1.4639–1.4670; density (24 °C), 0.920–0.941 mg/mL; saponification value, 180.9–198.9; unsaponifiable matter, 0.3–0.5%; acid value (mg KOH/g of oil), 0.5–2.2 and color (1-in. cell) 1.4–3.0R + 15.0–30.0Y. The oils revealed a good oxidative stability as indicated by the determinations of specific extinctions at 232 and 270 nm (2.3–4.4 and 0.6–0.9, respectively), p-anisidine value (2.2–3.2) and peroxide value (1.6–2.4 mequiv/kg of oil). The citrus seed oils mainly consisted of linoleic acid (36.1–39.8%). Other prominent fatty acids were palmitic acid (25.8–32.2%), oleic acid (21.9–24.1%), linolenic acid (3.4–4.4%), and stearic acid (2.8–4.4%). The contents of tocopherols (α, γ, and δ) in the oil were 26.4–557.8, 27.7–84.1, and 9.1–20.0 mg/kg, respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that the seeds of citrus species investigated are a potential source of valuable oil which might be utilized for edible and other industrial applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

    Farooq Anwar, Rehana Naseer & Samia Ashraf

  2. National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan

    M. I. Bhanger & Farah Naz Talpur

  3. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, T1K 3M4, Lethbridge, AB, Canada

    Felix Adekunle Aladedunye

Authors
  1. Farooq Anwar
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  2. Rehana Naseer
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Correspondence to Farooq Anwar.

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Anwar, F., Naseer, R., Bhanger, M.I. et al. Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Citrus Seeds and Seed Oils from Pakistan. J Am Oil Chem Soc 85, 321–330 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-008-1204-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-008-1204-3

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