Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tailoring the Process Parameters for Ti-Stabilized 439 Ferritic Stainless Steel Welds by Cold Metal Transfer Process

  • Technical Article
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In present study, a cold metal transfer process was employed to join Ti-stabilized 439 ferritic stainless steel by using 309 L filler wire with varying heat inputs. The mixed-mode microstructures were recorded in weld zone (WZ) using an optical microscope, whereas chromium-rich peppery structure was formed in the heat-affected zone as validated by scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscope. The volumetric fractions of austenite and δ-ferrite phases in the WZ were calculated by x-ray diffraction analysis and an increase in heat input resulted in decreased δ-ferrite content. The mechanical properties of both weldments were measured through the micro-hardness and tensile test. The results showed the low heat input (LHI) weldment depicted 15.63 and 7.59% superior micro-hardness and tensile strength, respectively, than its counterpart. However, an opposite trend was observed for intergranular corrosion; the WZ of LHI weldment showed 4% higher degree of sensitization over its counterpart.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. M. Gurram, K. Adepu, R.R. Pinninti, and M.R. Gankidi, Effect of Copper and Aluminium Addition on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behaviour of AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel Gas Tungsten Arc Welds, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2013, 2, p 238–249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. G. Caetano, C.C. Silva, M.F. Mottaa, H.C. Mirandaa, and J. Fariasa, Influence of Rotation Speed and Axial Force on the Friction Stir Welding of AISI 410S Ferritic Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Process Technol., 2018, 262, p 430–436.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. J. Verma, R.V. Taiwade, R. Kataria, and A. Kumar, Welding and Electrochemical Behavior of Ferritic AISI 430 and Austeno-Ferritic UNS 32205 Dissimilar Welds, J. Manuf. Process, 2018, 34, p 292–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. J.G. Roy and N. Yuvaraj, and Vipin, Effect of Welding Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Cold Metal Transfer Welded Thin AISI 304 Stainless-Steel Sheets, Trans. Ind. Ins. Metals, 2021, 74, p 2397–2408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. R.K. Devendranath, A. Chandrasekhar, A.K. Singh, S. Ahuja, A. Agarwal, and N. Arivazhagan et al., Comparative Studies on the Weldability, Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Autogenous TIG Welded AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel With and Without Flux, J. Manuf. Process, 2015, 20, p 54–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. M. Mukherjee and T.K. Pal, Influence of Heat Input on Martensite Formation and Impact Property of Ferritic-Austenitic Dissimilar Weld Metals, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2012, 28, p 343–352.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. J.C. Lippold and D.J. Kotecki, Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless Steel, Wiley, London, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  8. M.O.H. Amuda and S. Mridha, Grain Refinement and Hardness Distribution in Cryogenically Cooled Ferritic Stainless Steel Welds, Mater. Des., 2013, 47, p 365–371.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Arun and K.D. Ramkumar, Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of Cold Metal Transfer Weld Joints of UNS S32750, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2021, 30, p 8095–8107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Y. Koli, N. Yuvaraj, and S. Vipin, Aravindan, Investigations on Weld Bead Geometry and Microstructure in CMT, MIG Pulse Synergic and MIG Welding of AA6061-T6, Mater. Res. Exp., 2019 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab61b6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Frostevarg, A.F.H. Kaplan, and J. Lamas, Comparison of CMT With Other Arc Modes for Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding of Steel, Weld World, 2014, 58, p 649–660.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. J.I. Ruiz-Vela, J.J. Montes-Rodríguez, E. Rodríguez-Morales, and J.A. Toscano-Giles, Effect of Cold Metal Transfer and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Processes on the Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 625 Welding, Weld World, 2019, 63, p 459–479.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Zhou, J. Shen, S. Hu, G. Zhao, and Q. Wang, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints Fabricated by Cold Metal Transfer Welding, Mater. Res. Exp., 2019, 6, p 116536.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. M.S. Khorrami, M.A. Mostafaei, and H. Pouraliakbar, Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Characteristics of Low-Carbon Steel and Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 608, p 35–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. L. Tanure, C.M. de Alcântara, D.B. Santos, T.R. de Oliveira, B.M. Gonzalez, and K. Verbeken, Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Behavior During Recrystallization Annealing of Nb-Stabilized Type ASTM 430 and Nb-Ti-Stabilized ASTM 439 Ferritic Stainless Steels, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2019, 8, p 4048–4065.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J.M. Salgado López, M. Preud Homme, F. Lopez Monroy, J.L. Ojeda Elizarráraz, and A. Toscano Giles, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI 439 Ferritic Stainless Steel Welds Without Filler Metal, Acta Univer., 2019, 29, p 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. L.D.A. Silva, L. Iglesias, L. Lima, and W. Reis, Microstructural Characterization of HAZ of the AISI 439 With Different Heat Input. Int. Nucl. Atlantic Confer. 1–6 (2007)

  18. S.K. Gupta, A.P. Patil, R.C. Rathod, V. Tandon, and H. Vashishtha, Investigation on Impact of Heat Input on Microstructural, Mechanical, and Intergranular Corrosion Properties of Gas Tungsten Arc-Welded Ti-stabilized 439 Ferritic Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2022, 31, p 4084–4097.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. S. Balbande, R.V. Taiwade, A.P. Patil, and U. Pathak, Cold Metal Ttransfer Welding of Duplex With Ferritic and Super Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Res. Exp., 2019, 6, p 106542.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. V. Tandon, M.A. Thombre, A.P. Patil, R.V. Taiwade, and H. Vashishtha, Effect of Heat Input on the Microstructural, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties of Dissimilar Weldment of Conventional Austenitic Stainless Steel and Low-Nickel Stainless Steel, Metallo. Micros. Anal., 2020, 9, p 668–677.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. A.K. Bhaduri, G. Srinivasan, A. Klenk, and B. Raj, Study of Hot Cracking Behaviour of 14Cr-15Ni-2.5Mo Ti-Modified Fully Austenitic Stainless Steels Using Varestraint and Hot Ductility Tests, Weld World, 2009, 53, p 7–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Mondal, M.K. Saha, R. Hazra, and S. Das, Influence of Heat Input on Weld Bead Geometry Using Duplex Stainless Steel Wire Electrode on Low Alloy Steel Specimens, Cog. Eng., 2016, 3, p 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  23. K.H. Lo, C.H. Shek, and J.K.L. Lai, Recent Developments in Stainless Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. R, 2009, 65, p 39–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. G. Shit, M.V. Kuppusamy, and S. Ningshen, Corrosion Resistance Behavior of GTAW Welded AISI Type 304L Stainless Steel, Trans. Ind. Ins. Metals, 2019, 72, p 2981–2995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. V. Tandon, A.P. Patil, and R.C. Rathod, Correlation of Martensite Content and Dislocation Density of Cold Worked 316L on Defect Densities of Passivating Film in Acidic Environment, Mater. Res. Exp., 2018, 5, p 086515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. M. Alizadeh-Sh, S.P.H. Marashi, and M. Pouranvari, Resistance Spot Welding of AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel: Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties, Mater. Des., 2014, 56, p 258–263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. H. Mostaan, M. Shmanian, R. Moradi, F. Nematzadeh, A. Sonboli, and J.A. Szpunar, Weld Zone Characterization of Dissimilar SS UNS S43000/UNS S32304 Joined Through Laser Beam Welding: EBSD study, Phase Evolutions, and Fractography, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2020, 29, p 7744–7754.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. S. Saha, M. Mukherjee, and T.K. Pal, Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Property Analysis of Gas Metal Arc Welded AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24, p 125–1139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. C.W. Welded, J. Li, H. Li, Y. Liang, P. Liu, and L. Yang, The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Multi-Strand Composite Welding-Wire Welded Joints of High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel, Materials, 2019, 12, p 2944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. J. Verma, R.V. Taiwade, R.K. Khatirkar, and A. Kumar, A Comparative Study on the Effect of Electrode on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Welds of 2205 Austeno-Ferritic and 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Trans., 2016, 57, p 494–500.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. A.R. Kannan, N.S. Shanmugam, and S.A. Vendan, Effect of Cold Metal Transfer Process Parameters on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of AISI 316L Tailor Welded Blanks, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2019, 103, p 4265–4282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. R. Sokkalingam, P. Mastanaiah, V. Muthupandi, K. Sivaprasad, and K.G. Prashanth, Electron-Beam Welding of High-Entropy Alloy and Stainless Steel: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, Mater. Manuf. Process, 2020, 35, p 1885–1894.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. J. Moon, H.Y. Ha, and T.H. Lee, Corrosion Behavior in High Heat Input Welded Heat-Affected Zone of Ni-Free High-Nitrogen Fe-18Cr-10Mn-N Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Charact., 2013, 82, p 113–119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. A.V. Bansod, A.P. Patil, A.P. Moon, and S. Shukla, Microstructural and Electrochemical Evaluation of Fusion Welded Low-Nickel and 304 SS at Different Heat Input, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26, p 5847–5863.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India

    Santosh K. Gupta, Awanikumar P. Patil, Ramesh C. Rathod & Vipin Tandon

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India

    Himanshu Vashishtha

  3. School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK

    Himanshu Vashishtha

Authors
  1. Santosh K. Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Awanikumar P. Patil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ramesh C. Rathod
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Vipin Tandon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Himanshu Vashishtha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Vipin Tandon or Himanshu Vashishtha.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gupta, S.K., Patil, A.P., Rathod, R.C. et al. Tailoring the Process Parameters for Ti-Stabilized 439 Ferritic Stainless Steel Welds by Cold Metal Transfer Process. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 32, 6042–6053 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07534-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07534-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation