Abstract
Studying the hot cracking behaviour of 14Cr-15Ni-2.5Mo Ti-modified austenitic stainless steel is an important weld-ability consideration because this material solidifies in the prior austenitic mode without any residual delta ferrite and also contains titanium. Hot cracking in this material is attributed to the formation of low melting phases in the solidifying weld metal and in the heat-affected zone that lead to cracking due to shrinkage stresses and restraint imposed on the weld joint. Different heats of this fully austenitic alloy, containing 0.022–0.025% P, 0.75–1.00% Si and 0.21–0.42% Ti, as well as 316L stainless steel (SS) were investigated. Both Varestraint and hot ductility tests were used to evaluate the hot cracking susceptibility of these alloys. Longitudinal Varestraint tests were carried out at four strain levels of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0%, and the brittleness temperature range (BTR) was evaluated during testing. The Varestraint test results indicated that this material has a very high hot cracking susceptibility during autogenous welding, as the total crack length and maximum crack length in both the weld and heat-affected zone as also the BTR values were very high compared to that of SS 316L. Hot ductility tests were also conducted on using a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator to determine the nil ductility temperature (NDT). The NDT of this material is lower than SS316L, with the material containing higher titanium and silicon. This paper discusses the results of the hot cracking behaviour of this fully austenitic SS material using the longitudinal Varestraint and hot ductility tests.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brooks J.A., Thompson A.W., International Materials Reviews, 1991, 36, 16.
Robinson J.L., Scott M.H., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1980, 295A, 105.
Masumoto I., Takami K., Kutsuna M., Journal of the Japanese Welding Society, 1972, 41, 1306.
Mannan S.L., Chetal S.C., Raj B., Bhoje S.B., Transactions of Indian Institute of Metals, 2003, 56, pp. 155–178.
Garner F.A., Kumar A.S.: The influence of both major and minor elements composition on void swelling in austenitic steels, in: Radiation Induced Changes in Microstructure: 13th International Symposium (Part I), eds. F.A. Garner, N.H. Packan, A.S. Kumar, ASTM STP 955, 1987, pp 289–314.
Folkhard E., Welding Metallurgy of Stainless Steels, Springer Verlag, New York, 1998.
Lundin C.D., Lee C.H., Qiao C.Y.P.: Group sponsored study — weldability and hot ductility behaviour of nuclear grade austenitic stainless steels, Final Report, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA, 1988.
Lundin C.D., Lingenfelter A., Grotke G., Lessman G., Mathews S., Welding Research Council Bulletin, 1982, 280.
Masumoto I., Takami K., Kutsuna M., Journal of the Japanese Welding Society, 1972, 41, 1306.
Lin W., Nelson T., Lippold J.C., Proceedings of 8th Annual North American Welding Research Conference, AWS, EWI andTWI, 1992, 1.
Brooks J.A., Welding Journal, 1974, 53, 517s.
Kesternich W., Philosophical Magazine, 1985, 52, pp. 533–548.
Shankar V., Gill T.P.S., Terrance A.L.E., Mannan S.L., Sundaresan S., Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2000, 31A, pp. 3109–3122.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhaduri, A.K., Srinivasan, G., Klenk, A. et al. Study of Hot Cracking Behaviour of 14Cr-15Ni-2.5Mo Ti-Modified Fully Austenitic Stainless Steels using Varestraint and Hot Ductility Tests. Weld World 53, 17–27 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03266688
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03266688