Abstract
Laser power bed fusion (LPBF) enables the possibility to improve the performance of critical automotive components by leveraging new design and manufacturing potentials. While the LPBF approach taps into numerous design freedom advantages, the finely focused energy input source, layer-wise thermal cycling, and rapid cooling rates also impact the properties of a given material, thereby affecting performance characteristics of the end-product. The microstructure and mechanical properties of LPBF components must hence be thoroughly compared with the traditional processing technique used for a given application to evaluate its feasibility. In the context of this work, AlSi10Mg processed via LPBF is compared to a high-pressure die-cast aluminum alloy to compare the performance toward technology adoption in manufacturing automotive transmissions. It was found that, with proper process control, LPBF parts can achieve better or comparable density of 99.84–99.95% (cast: 99.15–99.97% cast), similar surface topography, comparable hardness of 54.3–69.3 HRB (cast: 72.8–81.5 HRB), comparable specific wear rates of 3.92*10−4 to 6.04*10−4 mm3N−1m−1 (cast: 2.50*10−4 to 2.55*10−4 mm3N−1m−1), and an overall better corrosion resistance compared to the cast pump housing. The findings show that, with an appropriate selection of process parameters, it is feasible to pursue and possibly enhance the performance of AlSi10Mg for fluid power applications using LPBF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
F. Kim, H. Villarraga-Gómez, S. Moylan, Inspection of Embedded Internal Features in Additive Manufactured Metal Parts Using Metrological x-ray Computed Tomography, in: American Society Precision Engineering 2016 Summer Topical Meeting, 2016: pp. 191–195
J. Mingear, B. Zhang, D. Hartl and A. Elwany, Effect of Process Parameters and Electropolishing on the Surface Roughness of Interior Channels in Additively Manufactured Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloy Actuators, Addit. Manuf., 2019, 27, p 565–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.03.027
S.N. Reddy K., V. Maranan, T.W. Simpson, T. Palmer, C.J. Dickman, Application of Topology Optimization and Design for Additive Manufacturing Guidelines on an Automotive Component, in: vol. 2A 42nd Des. Automation Conferefnce, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2016-59719
J. Parthasarathy, B. Starly and S. Raman, A Design for the Additive Manufacture of Functionally Graded Porous Structures with Tailored Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications, J. Manuf. Process., 2011, 13, p 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2011.01.004
C. Yan, L. Hao, A. Hussein, S.L. Bubb, P. Young and D. Raymont, Evaluation of Light-Weight AlSi10Mg Periodic Cellular Lattice Structures Fabricated via Direct Metal Laser Sintering, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2014, 214, p 856–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.12.004
F. Calignano, M. Lorusso, J. Pakkanen, F. Trevisan, E.P. Ambrosio, D. Manfredi and P. Fino, Investigation of Accuracy and Dimensional Limits of Part Produced in Aluminum Alloy by Selective Laser Melting, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2017, 88, p 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8788-9
N.T. Aboulkhair, I. Maskery, C. Tuck, I. Ashcroft and N.M. Everitt, The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Selectively Laser Melted AlSi10Mg: The Effect of a Conventional T6-like Heat Treatment, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2016, 667, p 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.092
P. Wei, Z. Wei, Z. Chen, J. Du, Y. He, J. Li and Y. Zhou, The AlSi10Mg Samples Produced by Selective Laser Melting: Single Track, Densification, Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017, 408, p 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.02.215
J. Wang, Y. Liu, C.D. Rabadia, S.-X. Liang, T.B. Sercombe and L.-C. Zhang, Microstructural Homogeneity and Mechanical Behavior of a Selective Laser Melted Ti-35Nb Alloy Produced from an Elemental Powder Mixture, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 61, p 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.05.052
L.C. Zhang, D. Klemm, J. Eckert, Y.L. Hao and T.B. Sercombe, Manufacture by Selective Laser Melting and Mechanical Behavior of a Biomedical Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy, Scr. Mater., 2011, 65, p 21–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.03.024
L.-Y. Chen, Y.-W. Cui and L.-C. Zhang, Recent Development in Beta Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications, Metals., 2020, 10, p 1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091139
S.L. Sing, J. An, W.Y. Yeong and F.E. Wiria, Laser and Electron-Beam Powder-Bed Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Implants: A Review on Processes, Materials and Designs, J. Orthop. Res., 2016, 34, p 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23075
B. Konieczny, A. Szczesio-Wlodarczyk, J. Sokolowski and K. Bociong, Challenges of Co-Cr Alloy Additive Manufacturing Methods in Dentistry—The Current State of Knowledge (Systematic Review), Materials, 2020, 13, p 3524. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163524
S. Chen, Y. Tong and P.K. Liaw, Additive Manufacturing of High-entropy Alloys: A Review, Entropy., 2018, 20, p 937. https://doi.org/10.3390/e20120937
J. Benatmane, Environmental Report: Delphi Pump Housing, Prepared by Econolyst for the Atkins Project, London, UK, 2010.
H. Qin, V. Fallah, Q. Dong, M. Brochu, M.R. Daymond and M. Gallerneault, Solidification Pattern, Microstructure and Texture Development in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) of Al10SiMg Alloy, Mater. Charact., 2018, 145, p 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.08.025
F.C. Campbell, Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys, ASM International, Novelty, 2008.
Aluminum (AlSi10Mg), Proto3000. (n.d.). https://proto3000.com/materials/dmls-aluminum-2/. Accessed 2 Oct 2019
J.R. Davis, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, in: Alloy Understand Basics, ASM International, 2001: pp. 351–416. https://materialsdata.nist.gov/bitstream/handle/11115/173/Aluminum%20and%20Aluminum%20Alloys%20Davis.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y. Accessed 2 Oct 2019
F. Trevisan, F. Calignano, M. Lorusso, J. Pakkanen, A. Aversa, E. Ambrosio, M. Lombardi, P. Fino and D. Manfredi, On the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of the AlSi10Mg Alloy: Process Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties, Materials., 2017, 10, p 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10010076
H. Asgari, C. Baxter, K. Hosseinkhani and M. Mohammadi, On Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured AlSi10Mg_200C Using Recycled Powder, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2017, 707, p 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.09.041
L. Thijs, K. Kempen, J.-P. Kruth and J. Van Humbeeck, Fine-Structured Aluminium Products with Controllable Texture by Selective Laser Melting of Pre-alloyed AlSi10Mg Powder, Acta Mater., 2013, 61, p 1809–1819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.11.052
I. Rosenthal, A. Stern and N. Frage, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlSi10Mg Parts Produced by the Laser Beam Additive Manufacturing (AM) Technology, Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal., 2014, 3, p 448–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-014-0168-y
N.T. Aboulkhair, N.M. Everitt, I. Ashcroft and C. Tuck, Reducing Porosity in AlSi10Mg Parts Processed by Selective Laser Melting, Addit. Manuf., 2014, 1–4, p 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2014.08.001
D. Buchbinder, H. Schleifenbaum, S. Heidrich, W. Meiners and J. Bültmann, High Power Selective Laser Melting (HP SLM) of Aluminum Parts, Phys. Procedia, 2011, 12, p 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2011.03.035
K. Kempen, L. Thijs, J. Van Humbeeck and J.-P. Kruth, Processing AlSi10Mg by Selective Laser Melting: Parameter Optimisation and Material Characterisation, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2015, 31, p 917–923. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000702
M. Krishnan, E. Atzeni, R. Canali, F. Calignano, D. Manfredi, E.P. Ambrosio and L. Iuliano, On the Effect Of Process Parameters on Properties of AlSi10Mg Parts Produced by DMLS, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2014, 20, p 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2013-0028
Y. Li and D. Gu, Parametric Analysis of Thermal Behavior During Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Alloy Powder, Mater. Des., 2014, 63, p 856–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.006
N. Read, W. Wang, K. Essa and M.M. Attallah, Selective Laser Melting of AlSi10Mg Alloy: Process Optimisation and Mechanical Properties Development, Mater. Des., 2015, 1980–2015(65), p 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.09.044
E.O. Olakanmi, Selective Laser Sintering/Melting (SLS/SLM) of Pure Al, Al-Mg, and Al-Si Powders: Effect of Processing Conditions and Powder Properties, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2013, 213, p 1387–1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.03.009
M. Tang and P.C. Pistorius, Oxides, Porosity and Fatigue Performance of AlSi10Mg Parts Produced by Selective Laser Melting, Int. J. Fatigue, 2017, 94, p 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.06.002
L. Wang, S. Wang and J. Wu, Experimental Investigation on Densification Behavior and Surface Roughness of AlSi10Mg Powders Produced by Selective Laser Melting, Opt. Laser Technol., 2017, 96, p 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.05.006
D. Manfredi, F. Calignano, M. Krishnan, R. Canali, E. Ambrosio and E. Atzeni, From Powders to Dense Metal Parts: Characterization of a Commercial AlSiMg Alloy Processed Through Direct Metal Laser Sintering, Materials, 2013, 6, p 856–869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6030856
F. Calignano, D. Manfredi, E.P. Ambrosio, L. Iuliano and P. Fino, Influence of Process Parameters on Surface Roughness of Aluminum Parts Produced by DMLS, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2013, 67, p 2743–2751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-012-4688-9
A. Boschetto, L. Bottini and F. Veniali, Roughness Modeling of AlSi10Mg Parts Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 241, p 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.013
K. Kempen, L. Thijs, M. Badrossamay, W. Verheecke, J.-P. Kruth, Process Optimization and Microstructural Analysis for Selective Laser Melting of AlSi10Mg, in: Austin, TX, 2011
W.H. Kan, Y. Nadot, M. Foley, L. Ridosz, G. Proust and J.M. Cairney, Factors that Affect the Properties of Additively-manufactured AlSi10Mg: Porosity Versus Microstructure, Addit. Manuf., 2019, 29, p 100805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100805
B. Sagbas, Post-processing Effects on Surface Properties of Direct Metal Laser Sintered AlSi10Mg Parts, Met. Mater. Int., 2019 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00375-3
N.T. Aboulkhair, I. Maskery, C. Tuck, I. Ashcroft and N.M. Everitt, On the Formation of AlSi10Mg Single Tracks and Layers in Selective Laser Melting: Microstructure and Nano-Mechanical Properties, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2016, 230, p 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.11.016
Y.J. Liu, Z. Liu, Y. Jiang, G.W. Wang, Y. Yang and L.C. Zhang, Gradient in Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Selective Laser Melted AlSi10Mg, J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 735, p 1414–1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.11.020
N.T. Aboulkhair, M. Simonelli, L. Parry, I. Ashcroft, C. Tuck and R. Hague, 3D Printing of Aluminium Alloys: Additive Manufacturing of Aluminium Alloys Using Selective Laser Melting, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2019, 106, p 100578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.100578
N. Kang, P. Coddet, H. Liao, T. Baur and C. Coddet, Wear Behavior and Microstructure of Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloys Prepared by Selective Laser Melting, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2016, 378, p 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.03.221
N. Kang, P. Coddet, C. Chen, Y. Wang, H. Liao and C. Coddet, Microstructure and Wear Behavior of in-situ Hypereutectic Al-high Si Alloys Produced by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Des., 2016, 99, p 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.053
K.G. Prashanth, B. Debalina, Z. Wang, P.F. Gostin, A. Gebert, M. Calin, U. Kühn, M. Kamaraj, S. Scudino and J. Eckert, Tribological and Corrosion Properties of Al-12Si Produced by Selective Laser Melting, J. Mater. Res., 2014, 29, p 2044–2054. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.133
Md.A. Islam and Z.N. Farhat, Effect of Porosity on Dry Sliding Wear of Al-Si Alloys, Tribol. Int., 2011, 44, p 498–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2010.12.007
Y. Liu, R. Asthana and P. Rohatgi, A Map for Wear Mechanisms in Aluminium Alloys, J. Mater. Sci., 1991, 26, p 99–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00576038
A. Leon, A. Shirizly and E. Aghion, Corrosion Behavior of AlSi10Mg Alloy Produced by Additive Manufacturing (AM) vs. Its Counterpart Gravity Cast alloy, Metals, 2016, 6, p 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6070148
A. Leon and E. Aghion, Effect of Surface Roughness on Corrosion Fatigue Performance of AlSi10Mg Alloy Produced by Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Mater. Charact., 2017, 131, p 188–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.06.029
M. Cabrini, S. Lorenzi, T. Pastore, S. Pellegrini, M. Pavese, P. Fino, E.P. Ambrosio, F. Calignano and D. Manfredi, Corrosion Resistance of Direct Metal Laser Sintering AlSiMg Alloy, Surf. Interface Anal., 2016, 48, p 818–826. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.5981
M. Cabrini, S. Lorenzi, T. Pastore, S. Pellegrini, E.P. Ambrosio, F. Calignano, D. Manfredi, M. Pavese and P. Fino, Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Resistance of DMLS AlSi10Mg Alloy, Electrochim. Acta, 2016, 206, p 346–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.157
M. Cabrini, S. Lorenzi, T. Pastore, S. Pellegrini, D. Manfredi, P. Fino, S. Biamino and C. Badini, Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance of Al-10Si-Mg Alloy Obtained by Means of Direct Metal Laser Sintering, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2016, 231, p 326–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.12.033
M. Cabrini, S. Lorenzi, T. Pastore, C. Testa, D. Manfredi, M. Lorusso, F. Calignano, M. Pavese and F. Andreatta, Corrosion Behavior of AlSi10Mg Alloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion Under Chloride Exposure, Corros. Sci., 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.03.010
T. Duchardt, G. Andersohn and M. Oechsner, Corrosion Behavior of EN AC-AlSi10Mg in Boiling Coolant with Various Average Flow Temperatures, Mater. Corros., 2015, 66, p 931–939. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201407724
L. Girelli, M. Tocci, L. Montesano, M. Gelfi and A. Pola, Investigation of Cavitation Erosion Resistance of AlSi10Mg Alloy for Additive Manufacturing, Wear, 2018, 402–403, p 124–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2018.02.018
J. Zou, Y. Zhu, M. Pan, T. Xie, X. Chen and H. Yang, A study on Cavitation Erosion Behavior of AlSi10Mg Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Wear, 2017, 376–377, p 496–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.11.031
Y. Zhu, J. Zou, W.L. Zhao, X.B. Chen and H.Y. Yang, A Study on Surface Topography in Cavitation Erosion Tests of AlSi10Mg, Tribol. Int., 2016, 102, p 419–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.06.007
Renishaw PLC., AlSi10Mg-0403 400W Material Data Sheet, (2015). https://www.renishaw.com/media/pdf/en/0c48b4800c17480393f17ceaacb4ecdb.pdf
L. Brock Laser Powder Bed Fusion of AlSi10Mg for Fabrication of Fluid Power Components, 2020. https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/15412. Accessed 29 Jan 2020
Z. Chen, X. Wu, D. Tomus and C.H.J. Davies, Surface Roughness of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Components, Addit. Manuf., 2018, 21, p 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.02.009
S. Patel and M. Vlasea, Melting Modes in Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Materialia., 2020, 9, p 100591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100591
T. Mukherjee, H.L. Wei, A. De and T. DebRoy, Heat and Fluid Flow in Additive Manufacturing—Part II: Powder Bed Fusion of Stainless Steel, and Titanium, Nickel and Aluminum Base Alloys, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2018, 150, p 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.04.027
P. Marcus, V. Maurice and H.-H. Strehblow, Localized Corrosion (pitting): A Model of Passivity Breakdown Including the Role of the Oxide Layer Nanostructure, Corros. Sci., 2008, 50, p 2698–2704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2008.06.047
C. Yan, L. Hao, A. Hussein, P. Young, J. Huang and W. Zhu, Microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium alloy cellular lattice structures manufactured by direct metal laser sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2015, 628, p 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.01.063
R. Hague, S. Mansour and N. Saleh, Material and Design Considerations for Rapid Manufacturing, Int. J. Prod. Res., 2004, 42, p 4691–4708. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207840410001733940
C. Weingarten, D. Buchbinder, N. Pirch, W. Meiners, K. Wissenbach and R. Poprawe, Formation and Reduction of Hydrogen Porosity During Selective Laser Melting of AlSi10Mg, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 221, p 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.02.013
S.M.H. Hojjatzadeh, N.D. Parab, Q. Guo, M. Qu, L. Xiong, C. Zhao, L.I. Escano, K. Fezzaa, W. Everhart, T. Sun and L. Chen, Direct Observation of Pore Formation Mechanisms During LPBF Additive Manufacturing Process and High Energy Density Laser Welding, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., 2020, 153, p 103555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2020.103555
N.P. Calta, A.A. Martin, J.A. Hammons, M.H. Nielsen, T.T. Roehling, K. Fezzaa, M.J. Matthews, J.R. Jeffries, T.M. Willey and J.R.I. Lee, Pressure Dependence of the Laser-Metal Interaction Under Laser Powder Bed Fusion Conditions Probed by In situ X-ray Imaging, Addit. Manuf., 2020, 32, p 101084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101084
M. Matthews, J. Trapp, G. Guss and A. Rubenchik, Direct Measurements of Laser Absorptivity During Metal Melt Pool Formation Associated with Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Processes, J. Laser Appl., 2018, 30, p 032302. https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5040636
J. Trapp, A.M. Rubenchik, G. Guss and M.J. Matthews, In situ Absorptivity Measurements of Metallic Powders During Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing, Appl. Mater. Today., 2017, 9, p 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2017.08.006
C. Zhao, K. Fezzaa, R.W. Cunningham, H. Wen, F. Carlo, L. Chen, A.D. Rollett and T. Sun, Real-time Monitoring of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process Using High-Speed X-ray Imaging and Diffraction, Sci. Rep., 2017, 7, p 3602. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03761-2
S.M.H. Hojjatzadeh, N.D. Parab, W. Yan, Q. Guo, L. Xiong, C. Zhao, M. Qu, L.I. Escano, X. Xiao, K. Fezzaa, W. Everhart, T. Sun and L. Chen, Pore Elimination Mechanisms During 3D Printing of Metals, Nat. Commun., 2019, 10, p 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10973-9
H. Nakamura, Y. Kawahito, K. Nishimoto and S. Katayama, Elucidation of Melt Flows and Spatter Formation Mechanisms During High Power Laser Welding of Pure Titanium, J. Laser Appl., 2015, 27, p 032012. https://doi.org/10.2351/1.4922383
L. Johnson, M. Mahmoudi, B. Zhang, R. Seede, X. Huang, J.T. Maier, H.J. Maier, I. Karaman, A. Elwany and R. Arróyave, Assessing Printability Maps in Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys, Acta Mater., 2019, 176, p 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.07.005
M.J. Matthews, G. Guss, S.A. Khairallah, A.M. Rubenchik, P.J. Depond and W.E. King, Denudation of Metal Powder Layers in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processes, Acta Mater., 2016, 114, p 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.05.017
A.A. Martin, N.P. Calta, S.A. Khairallah, J. Wang, P.J. Depond, A.Y. Fong, V. Thampy, G.M. Guss, A.M. Kiss, K.H. Stone, C.J. Tassone, J.N. Weker, M.F. Toney, T. van Buuren and M.J. Matthews, Dynamics of Pore Formation During Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing, Nat. Commun., 2019, 10, p 1987. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10009-2
K. Mumtaz and N. Hopkinson, Top Surface and Side Roughness of Inconel 625 Parts Processed Using Selective Laser Melting, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2009 https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540910943397
J.S. Zuback and T. DebRoy, The Hardness of Additively Manufactured Alloys, Materials, 2018, 11, p 2070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112070
W. Li, S. Li, J. Liu, A. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Q. Wei, C. Yan and Y. Shi, Effect of Heat Treatment on AlSi10Mg Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting: Microstructure Evolution, Mechanical Properties and Fracture Mechanism, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2016, 663, p 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.03.088
N.T. Aboulkhair, C. Tuck, I. Ashcroft, I. Maskery and N.M. Everitt, On the Precipitation Hardening of Selective Laser Melted AlSi10Mg, Metall. Mater. Trans. A., 2015, 46, p 3337–3341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2980-7
A.J. López, P. Rodrigo, B. Torres and J. Rams, Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of ZE41A Magnesium Alloy, Wear, 2011, 271, p 2836–2844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2011.05.043
F.A. Davis and T.S. Eyre, The Effect of Silicon Content and Morphology on the Wear of Aluminium-Silicon Alloys Under Dry and Lubricated Sliding Conditions, Tribol. Int., 1994, 27, p 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-679X(94)90042-6
G. Rajaram, S. Kumaran and T.S. Rao, High Temperature Tensile and Wear Behaviour of Aluminum Silicon Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2010, 528, p 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.09.020
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the support from the Federal Economic Development Agency (FedDev) for Southern Ontario grant #104809, the collaboration with our industry partner Advanced Test and Automation (Milton, ON, Canada), and the Ontario Advanced Manufacturing Consortium (AMC).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Brock, L., Ogunsanya, I., Asgari, H. et al. Relative Performance of Additively Manufactured and Cast Aluminum Alloys. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 30, 760–782 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05403-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05403-7