Abstract
Graphene has been considered a star material since its discovery in 2004 due to its attractive properties such as high electronic conductivity, large surface area, excellent mechanical stability and good heat conducting performance. The graphene technologies and derivatives have developed rapidly in the past decade and form a huge family including graphene oxides, reduced graphene oxides, graphene foam, vertical graphene, graphene sponge and other 3D graphene architectures. The fabrication methods for graphene and derivatives evolve from mechanical exfoliation to chemical exfoliation, and further update to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) vapor deposition. Successful commercialization of graphene oxides and reduced graphene oxides have been achieved, and impressively, they are the basic building blocks for other 3D graphene architectures. However, they suffer from relatively low electronic conductivity, restacking and many defects. Meanwhile, high-quality graphene foam and vertical graphene prepared by CVD and PECVD have emerged, but their fabrication process involves high temperature and complex techniques. It is inferred that high-end 3D graphene derivatives with few defects and high electronic conductivity are the future development direction. New facile preparation methods must be developed to assemble graphene units into desired systems or configurations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
X.H. Xia, D.L. Chao, Y.Q. Zhang, Z.X. Shen, and H.J. Fan, Three-Dimensional Graphene and Their Integrated Electrodes. Nano Today 9, 785 (2014).
L. Huang, S. Shen, Y. Zhong, Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, X. Wang, X. Xia, X. Tong, J. Zhou, and J. Tu, Multifunctional Hyphae Carbon Powering Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Adv. Mater. 34, 2107415 (2022).
L. Huang, J. Li, B. Liu, Y. Li, S. Shen, S. Deng, C. Lu, W. Zhang, Y. Xia, G. Pan, X. Wang, Q. Xiong, X. Xia, and J. Tu, Electrode Design for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Problems and Solutions. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1910375 (2020).
S. Liu, X. Xia, S. Deng, D. Xie, Z. Yao, L. Zhang, S. Zhang, X. Wang, and J. Tu, In Situ Solid Electrolyte Interphase from Spray Quenching on Molten Li: A New Way to Construct High-Performance Lithium-Metal Anodes. Adv. Mater. 31, 1806470 (2019).
L. Zhang, X. Xia, Y. Zhong, D. Xie, S. Liu, X. Wang, and J. Tu, Exploring Self-Healing Liquid Na-K Alloy for Dendrite-Free Electrochemical Energy Storage. Adv. Mater. 30, 1804011 (2018).
Z. Zhao, Z. Xue, Q. Xiong, Y. Zhang, X. Hu, H. Chi, H. Qin, Y. Yuan, and H. Ni, Titanium Niobium Oxides (TiNb2O7): Design, Fabrication and Application in Energy Storage Devices. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 30, e00357 (2021).
K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva, and A.A. Firsov, Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films. Science 306, 666 (2004).
J.C. Meyer, A.K. Geim, M.I. Katsnelson, K.S. Novoselov, T.J. Booth, and S. Roth, The Structure of Suspended Graphene Sheets. Nature 446, 60 (2007).
Y. Chen, M. Wang, J. Zhang, J. Tu, J. Ge, and S. Jiao, Green and Sustainable Molten Salt Electrochemistry for the Conversion of Secondary Carbon Pollutants to Advanced Carbon Materials. J. Mater. Chem. A 9, 14119 (2021).
S. Shen, R. Zhou, Y. Li, B. Liu, G. Pan, Q. Liu, Q. Xiong, X. Wang, X. Xia, and J. Tu, Bacterium, Fungus, and Virus Microorganisms for Energy Storage and Conversion, Small. Methods 3, 1900596 (2019).
S. Shen, X. Xia, Y. Zhong, S. Deng, D. Xie, B. Liu, Y. Zhang, G. Pan, X. Wang, and J. Tu, Implanting Niobium Carbide into Trichoderma Spore Carbon: A New Advanced Host for Sulfur Cathodes. Adv. Mater. 31, 1900009 (2019).
S. Shen, L. Huang, X. Tong, R. Zhou, Y. Zhong, Q. Xiong, L. Zhang, X. Wang, X. Xia, and J. Tu, A Powerful One-Step Puffing Carbonization Method for Construction of Versatile Carbon Composites with High-Efficiency Energy Storage. Adv. Mater. 33, 2102796 (2021).
X. Shan, Y. Zhong, L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, X. Xia, X. Wang, and J. Tu, A Brief Review on Solid Electrolyte Interphase Composition Characterization Technology for Lithium Metal Batteries: Challenges and Perspectives. J. Phys. Chem. C 125, 19060 (2021).
Q. Zhao, X. Chen, W. Hou, B. Ye, Y. Zhang, X. Xia, and J. Wang, A Facile, Scalable, High Stability Lithium Metal Anode. SusMat 2, 104 (2022).
H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, B. Wang, Z. Chen, Y. Sui, Y. Zhang, C. Tang, B. Zhu, X. Xie, G. Yu, Z. Jin, and X. Liu, Effect of Hydrogen in Size-Limited Growth of Graphene by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition. J. Electron. Mater. 44, 79 (2015).
D. Zhu, Z. Wang, and D. Zhu, Highly Conductive Graphene Electronics by Inkjet Printing. J. Electron. Mater. 49, 1765 (2020).
F. Zhu, Y. Kan, K. Tang, and S. Liu, Investigation of Thermal Properties of Ni-Coated Graphene Nanoribbons Based on Molecular Dynamics Methods. J. Electron. Mater. 46, 4733 (2017).
C. Wang, Y. Li, F. Cao, Y. Zhang, X. Xia, and L. Zhang, Employing Ni-Embedded Porous Graphitic Carbon Fibers for High-Efficiency Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 10457 (2022).
Y. Zhong, X. Xia, S. Deng, D. Xie, S. Shen, K. Zhang, W. Guo, X. Wang, and J. Tu, Spore Carbon from Aspergillus Oryzae for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage. Adv. Mater. 30, 1805165 (2018).
R.Z. Li, R. Peng, K.D. Kihm, S. Bai, D. Bridges, U. Tumuluri, Z. Wu, T. Zhang, G. Compagnini, Z. Feng, and A. Hu, High-Rate in-Plane Micro-supercapacitors Scribed onto Photo Paper Using In Situ Femtolaser-Reduced Graphene Oxide/Au Nanoparticle Microelectrodes. Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 1458 (2016).
Y. Li, X. Liu, L. Tan, Z. Cui, X. Yang, Y. Zheng, K.W.K. Yeung, P.K. Chu, and S. Wu, Rapid Sterilization and Accelerated Wound Healing Using Zn2+ and Graphene Oxide Modified g-C3N4 Under Dual Light Irradiation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1800299 (2018).
Q. Mei, B. Liu, G. Han, R. Liu, M.Y. Han, and Z. Zhang, Graphene Oxide: From Tunable Structures to Diverse Luminescence Behaviors. Adv. Sci. 6, 1900855 (2019).
Y. Tian, Z. Yu, L. Cao, X.L. Zhang, C. Sun, and D.-W. Wang, Graphene Oxide: An Emerging Electromaterial for Energy Storage and Conversion. J. Energy Chem. 55, 323 (2021).
Y. Ito, Y. Tanabe, J. Han, T. Fujita, K. Tanigaki, and M. Chen, Multifunctional Porous Graphene for High-Efficiency Steam Generation by Heat Localization. Adv. Mater. 27, 4302 (2015).
H. Ren, M. Tang, B. Guan, K. Wang, J. Yang, F. Wang, M. Wang, J. Shan, Z. Chen, D. Wei, H. Peng, and Z. Liu, Hierarchical Graphene Foam for Efficient Omnidirectional Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion. Adv. Mater. 29, 1702590 (2017).
Z. Zhang, C.-S. Lee, and W. Zhang, Vertically Aligned Graphene Nanosheet Arrays: Synthesis, Properties and Applications in Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1700678 (2017).
Y. Zhang, X.H. Xia, B. Liu, S.J. Deng, D. Xie, Q. Liu, Y.D. Wang, J.B. Wu, X.L. Wang, and J.P. Tu, Multiscale Graphene-Based Materials for Applications in Sodium Ion Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1803342 (2019).
B. Liu, Y. Zhang, Z. Wang, C. Ai, S. Liu, P. Liu, Y. Zhong, S. Lin, S. Deng, Q. Liu, G. Pan, X. Wang, X. Xia, and J. Tu, Coupling a Sponge Metal Fibers Skeleton with In Situ Surface Engineering to Achieve Advanced Electrodes for Flexible Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Adv. Mater. 32, 2003657 (2020).
S. Guo, and S. Dong, Graphene Nanosheet: Synthesis, Molecular Engineering, Thin Film, Hybrids, and Energy and Analytical Applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 40, 2644 (2011).
Z. Bo, S. Mao, Z.J. Han, K. Cen, J. Chen, and K. Ostrikov, Emerging Energy and Environmental Applications of Vertically-Oriented Graphenes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 2108 (2015).
D.A. Dikin, S. Stankovich, E.J. Zimney, R.D. Piner, G.H.B. Dommett, G. Evmenenko, S.T. Nguyen, and R.S. Ruoff, Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Oxide Paper. Nature 448, 457 (2007).
S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, G.H.B. Dommett, K.M. Kohlhaas, E.J. Zimney, E.A. Stach, R.D. Piner, S.T. Nguyen, and R.S. Ruoff, Graphene-Based Composite Materials. Nature 442, 282 (2006).
M. Wang, M. Huang, D. Luo, Y. Li, M. Choe, W.K. Seong, M. Kim, S. Jin, M. Wang, S. Chatterjee, Y. Kwon, Z. Lee, and R.S. Ruoff, Single-Crystal, Large-Area, Fold-Free Monolayer Graphene. Nature 596, 519 (2021).
X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah, D. Yang, R. Piner, A. Velamakanni, I. Jung, E. Tutuc, S.K. Banerjee, L. Colombo, and R.S. Ruoff, Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils. Science 324, 1312 (2009).
Z. Chen, W. Ren, L. Gao, B. Liu, S. Pei, and H.M. Cheng, Three-Dimensional Flexible and Conductive Interconnected Graphene Networks Grown by Chemical Vapour Deposition. Nat. Mater. 10, 424 (2011).
Z. Bo, W. Zhu, W. Ma, Z. Wen, X. Shuai, J. Chen, J. Yan, Z. Wang, K. Cen, and X. Feng, Vertically Oriented Graphene Bridging Active-Layer/Current-Collector Interface for Ultrahigh Rate Supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 25, 5799 (2013).
S. Mao, K. Yu, S. Cui, Z. Bo, G. Lu, and J. Chen, A New Reducing Agent to Prepare Single-Layer, High-Quality Reduced Graphene Oxide for Device Applications. Nanoscale 3, 2849 (2011).
C.-H. Lu, C.-M. Leu, and N.-C. Yeh, Single-Step Direct Growth of Graphene on Cu Ink toward Flexible Hybrid Electronic Applications by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 6951 (2021).
N.-C. Yeh, C.-C. Hsu, J. Bagley, and W.-S. Tseng, Single-Step Growth of Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanostructures by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. Nanotechnology 30, 162001 (2019).
C.-P. Han, V. Veeramani, C.-C. Hsu, A. Jena, H. Chang, N.-C. Yeh, S.-F. Hu, and R.-S. Liu, Vertically-Aligned Graphene Nanowalls Grown via Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition as a Binder-Free Cathode in Li-O-2 Batteries. Nanotechnology 29, 505401 (2018).
K. Shehzad, Y. Xu, C. Gao, and X. Duan, Three-Dimensional Macro-structures of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45, 5541 (2016).
Z. Xu, and C. Gao, Graphene in Macroscopic Order: Liquid Crystals and Wet-Spun Fibers. Acc. Chem. Res. 47, 1267 (2014).
Z. Xu, and C. Gao, Aqueous Liquid Crystals of Graphene Oxide. ACS Nano 5, 2908 (2011).
Z. Xu, H. Sun, X. Zhao, and C. Gao, Ultrastrong Fibers Assembled from Giant Graphene Oxide Sheets. Adv. Mater. 25, 188 (2013).
Z. He, Y. Zhu, Z. Xing, and Z. Wang, Cuprous Sulfide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanomaterials: Solvothermal Synthesis and Enhanced Electrochemical Performance. J. Electron. Mater. 45, 285 (2016).
Z. Yang, J. Tian, Z. Yin, C. Cui, W. Qian, and F. Wei, Carbon Nanotube- and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials and Applications in High-Voltage Supercapacitor: A Review. Carbon 141, 467 (2019).
C. Singh, A.K. Mishra, and A. Paul, Highly Conducting Reduced Graphene Synthesis via Low Temperature Chemically Assisted Exfoliation and Energy Storage Application. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 18557 (2015).
S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, R.D. Piner, K.A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y. Wu, S.T. Nguyen, and R.S. Ruoff, Synthesis of Graphene-Based Nanosheets via Chemical Reduction of Exfoliated Graphite Oxide. Carbon 45, 1558 (2007).
B.D.L. Campéon, M. Akada, M.S. Ahmad, Y. Nishikawa, K. Gotoh, and Y. Nishina, Non-destructive, Uniform, and Scalable Electrochemical Functionalization and Exfoliation of Graphite. Carbon 158, 356 (2020).
M. Yang, N. Zhao, Y. Cui, W. Gao, Q. Zhao, C. Gao, H. Bai, and T. Xie, Biomimetic Architectured Graphene Aerogel with Exceptional Strength and Resilience. ACS Nano 11, 6817 (2017).
B. Liu, J. Xie, H. Ma, X. Zhang, Y. Pan, J. Lv, H. Ge, N. Ren, H. Su, X. Xie, L. Huang, and W. Huang, From Graphite to Graphene Oxide and Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots. Small 13, 1601001 (2017).
G.G. Batir, M. Arik, Z. Caldiran, A. Turut, and S. Aydogan, Synthesis and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Rhodamine 101 (rGO-Rh101) Nanocomposites and Their Heterojunction Performance in rGO-Rh101/p-Si Device Configuration. J. Electron. Mater. 47, 329 (2018).
S. Li, and J. Mao, The Influence of Different Types of Graphene on the Lithium Titanate Anode Materials of a Lithium Ion Battery. J. Electron. Mater. 47, 5410 (2018).
F. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Ruan, L. Qin, and Y. Fan, Graphene Aerogel-Supported Silicon@Carbon Hybrids with Double Buffering Structure as Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery. J. Electron. Mater. 48, 8233 (2019).
L. Ye, S. Wu, and Z. Wang, Mechanical Properties of Two-Dimensional Materials (Graphene, Silicene and MoS(2)Monolayer) Upon Lithiation. J. Electron. Mater. 49, 5713 (2020).
F. Yavari, Z. Chen, A.V. Thomas, W. Ren, H.-M. Cheng, and N. Koratkar, High Sensitivity Gas Detection Using a Macroscopic Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam Network. Sci. Rep. 1, 166 (2011).
K.M. Yocham, C. Scott, K. Fujimoto, R. Brown, E. Tanasse, J.T. Oxford, T.J. Lujan, and D. Estrada, Mechanical Properties of Graphene Foam and Graphene Foam-Tissue Composites. Adv. Eng. Mater. 20, 1800166 (2018).
L. Jinlong, Y. Meng, K. Suzuki, and H. Miura, Fabrication of 3D Graphene Foam for a Highly Conducting Electrode. Mater. Lett. 196, 369 (2017).
X. Dong, X. Wang, L. Wang, H. Song, H. Zhang, W. Huang, and P. Chen, 3D Graphene Foam as a Monolithic and Macroporous Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Sensing. ACS Applied Materials Interfaces 4, 3129 (2012).
M. Huang, C. Wang, L. Quan, T.H.-Y. Nguyen, H. Zhang, Y. Jiang, G. Byun, and R.S. Ruoff, CVD Growth of Porous Graphene Foam in Film Form. Matter 3, 487 (2020).
X. Xia, D. Chao, Z. Fan, C. Guan, X. Cao, H. Zhang, and H.J. Fan, A New Type of Porous Graphite Foams and Their Integrated Composites with Oxide/Polymer Core/Shell Nanowires for Supercapacitors: Structural Design, Fabrication, and Full Supercapacitor Demonstrations. Nano Lett. 14, 1651 (2014).
D. Prasai, J.C. Tuberquia, R.R. Harl, G.K. Jennings, and K.I. Bolotin, Graphene: Corrosion-Inhibiting Coating. ACS Nano 6, 1102 (2012).
S. Xu, S. Wang, Z. Chen, Y. Sun, Z. Gao, H. Zhang, and J. Zhang, Electric-Field-Assisted Growth of Vertical Graphene Arrays and the Application in Thermal Interface Materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2003302 (2020).
Z. Hu, Z. Li, Z. Xia, T. Jiang, G. Wang, J. Sun, P. Sun, C. Yan, and L. Zhang, PECVD-Derived Graphene Nanowall/Lithium Composite Anodes Towards Highly Stable Lithium Metal Batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 22, 29 (2019).
X. Song, J. Liu, L. Yu, J. Yang, L. Fang, H. Shi, C. Du, and D. Wei, Direct Versatile PECVD Growth of Graphene Nanowalls on Multiple Substrates. Mater. Lett. 137, 25 (2014).
X. Xia, S. Deng, D. Xie, Y. Wang, S. Feng, J. Wu, and J. Tu, Boosting Sodium Ion Storage by Anchoring MoO2 on Vertical Graphene Arrays. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 15546 (2018).
S. Shen, W. Guo, D. Xie, Y. Wang, S. Deng, Y. Zhong, X. Wang, X. Xia, and J. Tu, A Synergistic Vertical Graphene Skeleton and S-C Shell to Construct High-Performance TiNb2O7-Based Core/Shell Arrays. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 20195 (2018).
Y. Li, C. Ai, S. Deng, Y. Wang, X. Tong, X. Wang, X. Xia, and J. Tu, Nitrogen Doped Vertical Graphene as Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Mater. Res. Bull. 134, 111094 (2021).
X.H. Xia, J.P. Tu, Y.J. Mai, R. Chen, X.L. Wang, C.D. Gu, and X.B. Zhao, Graphene Sheet/Porous NiO Hybrid Film for Supercapacitor Applications. Chem.-Eur. J. 17, 10898 (2011).
K. Yu, Z. Wen, H. Pu, G. Lu, Z. Bo, H. Kim, Y. Qian, E. Andrew, S. Mao, and J. Chen, Hierarchical Vertically Oriented Graphene as a Catalytic Counter Electrode in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 188 (2013).
Z. Bo, Y. Yang, J. Chen, K. Yu, J. Yan, and K. Cen, Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis of Vertically Oriented Graphene Nanosheets. Nanoscale 5, 5180 (2013).
S. Mao, G. Lu, K. Yu, Z. Bo, and J. Chen, Specific Protein Detection Using Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheet Decorated with Gold Nanoparticle-Antibody Conjugates. Adv. Mater. 22, 3521 (2010).
J. Zhan, S. Deng, Y. Zhong, Y. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Yu, X. Xia, and J. Tu, Exploring Hydrogen Molybdenum Bronze for Sodium Ion Storage: Performance Enhancement by Vertical Graphene Core and Conductive Polymer Shell. Nano Energy 44, 265 (2018).
Z. Yao, X. Xia, Y. Zhong, Y. Wang, B. Zhang, D. Xie, X. Wang, J. Tu, and Y. Huang, Hybrid Vertical Graphene/Lithium Titanate–CNTs Arrays for Lithium Ion Storage with Extraordinary Performance. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 8916 (2017).
Z. Wen, X. Wang, S. Mao, Z. Bo, H. Kim, S. Cui, G. Lu, X. Feng, and J. Chen, Crumpled Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanosheets with Ultrahigh Pore Volume for High-Performance Supercapacitor. Adv. Mater. 24, 5610 (2012).
C. Wang, Y.-S. Chui, R. Ma, T. Wong, J.-G. Ren, Q.-H. Wu, X. Chen, and W. Zhang, A Three-Dimensional Graphene Scaffold Supported Thin Film Silicon Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 10092 (2013).
Z. Yang, X. Ren, K. Guo, F. Shaik, and B. Jiang, Tuning the Composition of Tri-metal Iron Based Phosphides Integrated on Phosphorus-Doped Vertically Aligned Graphene Arrays for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity Towards Overall Water Splitting. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 46, 35559 (2021).
S. Pandit, Z. Cao, V.R.S.S. Mokkapati, E. Celauro, A. Yurgens, M. Lovmar, F. Westerlund, J. Sun, and I. Mijakovic, Vertically Aligned Graphene Coating is Bactericidal and Prevents the Formation of Bacterial Biofilms. Adv. Mater. Inter. 5, 1701331 (2018).
S. Abolpour Moshizi, S. Azadi, A. Belford, A. Razmjou, S. Wu, Z.J. Han, and M. Asadnia, Development of an Ultra-Sensitive and Flexible Piezoresistive Flow Sensor Using Vertical Graphene Nanosheets. Nano-Micro Lett. 12, 109 (2020).
K. Yu, P. Wang, G. Lu, K.-H. Chen, Z. Bo, and J. Chen, Patterning Vertically Oriented Graphene Sheets for Nanodevice Applications. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 537 (2011).
H. Guo, Y. Wang, X. Yao, Y. Zhang, Z. Li, S. Pan, J. Han, L. Xu, W. Qiao, J. Li, and H. Wang, A Comprehensive Insight into Plasma-Catalytic Removal of Antibiotic Oxytetracycline Based on Graphene-TiO2-Fe3O4 Nanocomposites. Chem. Eng. J. 425, 130614 (2021).
A. Mohammad, M.E. Khan, M.H. Cho, and T. Yoon, Adsorption Promoted Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotic Tetracycline by Tin Oxide/Cerium Oxide Nanocomposite. Appl. Surf. Sci. 565, 150337 (2021).
R. Kumar, K. Anish Raj, S. Mita, and P. Bhargava, Carbon Derived from Sucrose as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Electron. Mater. 48, 7389 (2019).
C.-T. Toh, H. Zhang, J. Lin, A.S. Mayorov, Y.-P. Wang, C.M. Orofeo, D.B. Ferry, H. Andersen, N. Kakenov, Z. Guo, I.H. Abidi, H. Sims, K. Suenaga, S.T. Pantelides, and B. Ozyilmaz, Synthesis and Properties of Free-Standing Monolayer Amorphous Carbon. Nature 577, 199 (2020).
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support of the Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. LR20E020001), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52073252 and 52002052), the Key Research and Development Project of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province (2022YFSY0004), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. LY22E020007), the State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials (Grant No. SKL2021-12) and the Open Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment (Grant No. SKLPEE-KF202206), Fuzhou University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, C., Zheng, C., Cao, F. et al. The Development Trend of Graphene Derivatives. J. Electron. Mater. 51, 4107–4114 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-022-09687-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-022-09687-4