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Effect of Density and Processing Conditions on Oxide Transformations and Mechanical Properties in Cr–Mo-Alloyed PM steels

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Abstract

To improve the mechanical properties and performances of water-atomized powder metallurgy steels, it is necessary to enhance the density. Consolidating water-atomized steel powders via conventional pressing and sintering to a relative density level > 95 pct involves processing challenges. Consolidation of gas-atomized powders to full density by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is an established process route but utilizing water-atomized powders in HIP involves challenges that result in the formation of prior particle boundaries due to higher oxygen content. In this study, the effect of density and processing conditions on the oxide transformations and mechanical properties from conventional press and sintering, and HIP are evaluated. Hence, water-atomized Cr–Mo-alloyed powder is used and consolidated into different density levels between 6.8 and 7.3 g cm−3 by conventional die pressing and sintering. Fully dense material produced through HIP is evaluated not only of mechanical properties but also for microstructural and fractographic analysis. An empirical model based on power law is fitted to the sintered material properties to estimate and predict the properties up to full density at different sintering conditions. A model describing the mechanism of oxide transformation during sintering and HIP is proposed. The challenges when it comes to the HIP of water-atomized powder are addressed and the requirements for successful HIP processing are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Martin Bram from Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH in Germany for the support with the preparation of HIP capsules. The authors greatly acknowledge support from the Chalmers Area of Advance in Production and the strategic innovation program LIGHTer, supported by Vinnova.

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Höganäs AB, 263 83, Höganäs, Sweden

    Maheswaran Vattur Sundaram & Dimitris Chasoglou

  2. Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Eduard Hryha & Lars Nyborg

  3. Reifenhäuser Reiloy GmbH, 538 44, Troisdorf, Germany

    Anna Rottstegge

Authors
  1. Maheswaran Vattur Sundaram
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  2. Eduard Hryha
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  3. Dimitris Chasoglou
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  4. Anna Rottstegge
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  5. Lars Nyborg
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Correspondence to Maheswaran Vattur Sundaram.

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Manuscript submitted February 16, 2021, accepted November 8, 2021.

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Vattur Sundaram, M., Hryha, E., Chasoglou, D. et al. Effect of Density and Processing Conditions on Oxide Transformations and Mechanical Properties in Cr–Mo-Alloyed PM steels. Metall Mater Trans A 53, 640–652 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06539-4

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