Abstract
Austenite formation kinetics of a DP1000 steel was investigated from a ferrite–pearlite microstructure (either fully recrystallized or cold-rolled) during typical industrial annealing cycles by means of dilatometry and optical microscopy after interrupted heat treatments. A marked acceleration of the kinetics was found when deformed ferrite grains were present in the microstructure just before austenite formation. After having described the austenite formation kinetics without recrystallization and the recrystallization kinetics of the steel without austenite formation by simple JMAK laws, a mixture law was used to analyze the kinetics of the cold-rolled steel for which austenite formation and recrystallization may occur simultaneously. In the case where the interaction between these two phenomena is strong, three main points were highlighted: (i) the heating rate greatly influences the austenite formation kinetics, as it affects the degree of recrystallization at the austenite start temperature; (ii) recrystallization inhibition above a critical austenite fraction accelerates the austenite formation kinetics; (iii) the austenite fractions obtained after a 1 hour holding deviate from the local equilibrium fractions given by Thermo-Calc, contrary to the case of the recrystallized steel. This latter result could be due to the fact that the dislocations of the deformed ferrite matrix could promote the diffusion of the alloying elements of the steel and accelerate austenite formation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
[1] R.O. Rocha, T.M.F. Melo, E.V. Pereloma, D.B. Santos: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, vol. 391, pp. 296-304.
[2] H. Azizi-Alizamini, M. Militzer, W.J. Poole: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 1544‑1557.
[3] D.Z. Yang, E.L. Brown, D.K. Matlock, G. Krauss: Metall. Trans. A, 1985, vol. 16 pp. 1385–1392.
[4] M. Kulakov, W.J. Poole, M. Militzer: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2013, vol. 44, pp. 3564‑3576.
[5] E.A. Chojnowski, W.J. McG. Tegart: Metal Science Journal, 1968, vol. 2, pp.14-18.
[6] D.F. Lupton, D.H. Warrington: Metal Science Journal, 1972, vol. 6, pp. 200-204.
[7] P. Li, J. Li, Q. Meng,W. Hu, D. Xu: Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2013, vol. 578, pp. 320‑327.
[8] G.R. Speich, V.A. Demarest, R.L. Miller: Metall. Trans. A, 1981, vol. 12, pp. 1419–1428.
[9] J. Huang, W.J. Poole, M. Militzer: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2004, vol. 35, pp. 3363–3375.
[10] T. Ogawa, N. Maruyama, N. Sugiura, N. Yoshinaga: ISIJ inter., 2010, vol. 50, pp. 469–475.
[11] R.R. Mohanty, O.A. Girina, N.M. Fonstein: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 3680‑3690.
[12] A. Chbihi, D. Barbier, L. Germain, A. Hazotte, M. Gouné: J. Mater. Sci., 2014, vol. 49, pp.3608-3621.
T. Ogawa: International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 2015.
[14] D. Barbier, L. Germain, A. Hazotte, M. Gouné, A. Chbihi: J. Mater. Sci., 2015, vol. 50, pp. 374‑381.
[15] C. Zheng, D. Raabe: Acta Mater., 2013, vol. 61, pp. 5504-5517.
[16] J. Rudnizki, B. Bottger, U. Prahl, W. Bleck: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 2516-2525.
[17] M. Kulakov, W.J. Poole, M. Militzer: ISIJ Inter., 2014, vol. 54, pp. 2627-2636.
[20] J.O. Andersson, T. Helander, L. Hoglund, P.F. Shi, B. Sundman: Computational tools for materials science. Calphad, 2002, vol. 26, pp. 273-312.
Thermo-Calc software TCFE8 Steels/Fe-alloys database version 8 (accessed 23 July 2016).
[22] Q. Lai, M. Gouné, A. Pierlade, T. Pardoen, P. Jacques, O. Bouaziz, Y. Bréchet: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2016, vol. 47, pp. 3375-3386.
[23] A. Hultgren: Trans. Am. Soc. Metal, 1947, vol. 39, pp. 915-1005.
[24] R. Wei, N. Enomoto, R. Hadian, H.S. Zurob, G.R. Purdy: Acta Mater., 2013, vol. 61, pp. 697-707.
[25] H. Chen, X. Xu, W. Xu, S. van der Zwaag: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2014, vol. 45, pp.1675-1679.
[26] H.S. Zurob, C.R. Hutchinson, Y. Bréchet, H. Seyedrezai, G.R. Purdy: Acta Mater., 2009, vol. 57, pp. 2781-2792.
[27] M. Gouné, F. Danoix, J. Ågren, Y. Bréchet, C.R. Hutchinson, M. Militzer, G. Purdy, S. Van der Zwaag, H. Zurob: Mater. Sci. Eng., 2015, vol. 92, pp. 1‑38.
[28] T. Ogawa, K. Sato, H. Dannoshita, K. Maruoka, K. Ushioda: ISIJ inter., 2016, vol. 5, pp. 2290-2297.
[29] M. Avrami: J. Chem. Phys., 1939, vol. 7, pp. 1103.
[30] W.A. Johnson, R.F. Mehl: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Pet. Eng., 1939, vol. 135, pp. 416.
A. Kolmogorov: Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Math. Ser., 1937, vol. 1, p. 355.
[32] H. Kissinger: Anal. Chem., 1957, vol. 29, pp. 1702-1706.
Acknowledgments
This work was carried out in collaboration with the Fives Keods company which is attaching great importance to physical modeling in order to improve the efficiency of his line driving softwares. Authors thank this company for the financial support. M. Gouné and M. Militzer are also gratefully acknowledged for fruitful discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript submitted March 15, 2017.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ollat, M., Massardier, V., Fabregue, D. et al. Modeling of the Recrystallization and Austenite Formation Overlapping in Cold-Rolled Dual-Phase Steels During Intercritical Treatments. Metall Mater Trans A 48, 4486–4499 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4231-6
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4231-6