Abstract
In the present study, effects of Mn addition on cracking phenomenon occurring during cold rolling of ferritic light-weight steels were clarified in relation to microstructural modification involving κ-carbide, austenite, and martensite. Four steels were fabricated by varying Mn contents of 3 to 12 wt pct, and edge areas of steel sheets containing 6 to 9 wt pct Mn were cracked during the cold rolling. The steels were basically composed of ferrite and austenite in a band shape, but a considerable amount of κ-carbide or martensite existed in the steels containing 3 to 6 wt pct Mn. Microstructural observation of the deformed region of fractured tensile specimens revealed that cracks which were initiated at ferrite/martensite interfacial κ-carbides readily propagated along ferrite/martensite interfaces or into martensite areas in the steel containing 6 wt pct Mn, thereby leading to the center or edge cracking during the cold rolling. In the steel containing 9 wt pct Mn, edge cracks were found in the final stage of cold rolling because of the formation of martensite by the strain-induced austenite to martensite transformation, whereas they were hardly formed in the steel containing 12 wt pct Mn. To prevent or minimize the cracking, it was recommended that the formation of martensite during the cooling from the hot rolling temperature or during the cold rolling should be suppressed, which could be achieved by the enhancement of thermal or mechanical stability of austenite with decreasing austenite grain size or increasing contents of austenite stabilizers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P.J. Jacques: Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2004, vol. 8, pp. 259–65.
S. Zaefferer, J. Ohlert, and W. Bleck: Acta Mater., 2004, vol. 52, pp. 2765–78.
I.B. Timokhina, P.D. Hodgson, and E.V. Pereloma: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2004, vol. 35A, pp. 2331–41.
N.S. Lim, H.S. Park, S.I. Kim, and C.G. Park: Met. Mater. Int., 2012, vol. 18, pp. 647–54.
J. Bouquerel, K. Verbeken, and B.C. De Cooman: Acta Mater., 2006, vol. 54, pp. 1443–56.
S. Zaefferer, J. Ohlert, and W. Bleck: Acta Mater., 2002, vol. 52, pp. 2765–78.
O. Boaziz, S. Allain, C.P. Scott, P. Cugy, and D. Barbier: Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2011, vol. 15, pp. 141–68.
S. Vercammen, B. Blanpain, B.C. De Cooman, and P. Wollants: Acta Mater., 2004, vol. 52, pp. 2005–12.
H. Huang, D. Gan, and P.W. Kao: Scripta Metall. Mater., 1994, vol. 30, pp. 499–504.
W.K. Choo, J.H. Kim, and J.C. Yoon: Acta Mater., 1997, vol. 45, pp. 4877–85.
B. Bhattacharya, A.S. Sharma, S.S. Hazra, and R.K. Ray: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2009, vol. 40A, pp. 1190–1202.
D.-W. Suh, S.-J. Park, T.-H. Lee, C.-S. Oh, and S.-J. Kim: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2010, vol. 41A, pp. 397–408.
K.H. Kwon, J.S. Jeong, J.-K. Choi, Y.M. Koo, Y. Tomota, and N.J. Kim: Met. Mater. Int., 2012, vol. 18, pp. 751–55.
K.-G. Chin, H.-J. Lee, J.-H. Kwak, J.-Y. Kang, and B.-J. Lee: J. Alloys Compd., 2010, vol. 505, pp. 217–23.
S.Y. Han, S.Y. Shin, S. Lee, N.J. Kim, J.-H. Kwak, and K.-G. Chin: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2011, vol. 42A, pp. 138–46.
S.Y. Shin, H. Lee, S.Y. Han, C.-H. Seo, K. Choi, S. Lee, N.J. Kim, J.-H. Kwak, and K.-G. Chin: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2010, vol. 41A, pp. 138–48.
C.-H. Seo, K.H. Kwon, K. Choi, K.-H. Kim, J.H. Kwak, S. Lee, and N.J. Kim: Scripta Mater., 2012, vol. 66, pp. 519–22.
G. Frommeyer and U. Brüx: Steel Res. Int., 2006, vol. 77, pp. 627–33.
D.-W. Suh, S.-J. Park, C.-H. Lee, and S.-J. Kim: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2009, vol. 40A, pp. 264–68.
M. Abbasi, T.W. Nelson, C.D. Sorensen, and L. Wei: Mater. Charact., 2012, vol. 66, pp. 1-8.
R.W. Fonda, J.F. Bingert, and K.J. Colligan: Scripta Mater., 2004, vol. 51, pp. 243-48.
M. Abbasi, T.W. Nelson, and C.D. Sorensen: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2012, vol. 43A, pp. 4940-46.
C.J. Boehlert, S.C. Longanbach, M. Nowell, and S. Wright: J. Mater. Res., 2008, vol. 23, pp. 500-06.
D.A. Porter and K.E. Easterling: Phase Transformation in Materials, 2nd ed., Champman & Hall, London, UK, 1992, Ch. 4.
A.A. Benzerga, J. Besson, and A. Pineau: Acta Mater., 2004, vol. 52, pp. 4623–38.
E. Ervasti, U. Ståhlberg: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2000, vol. 101, pp. 312–21.
J. Mahieu, J. Maki, B.C. De Cooman, and S. Claessens: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2002, vol. 33A, pp. 2573–80.
B.D. Cullity: in Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd ed., M. Cohen, ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1978, pp. 517–18.
B. Sundman, B. Jansson, and J.-O. Andersson: CALPHAD, 1985, vol. 9, pp. 153–90.
‘‘TCFE2000: The Thermo-Calc Steels Database, upgraded by B.-J. Lee and B. Sundman at KTH,’’ KTH, Stockholm, 1999.
C. Herrera, D. Ponge, and D. Raabe: Acta Mater., 2011, vol. 59, pp. 4653–64.
W.J. Dan, Z.G. Hu, and W.G. Zhang: Met. Mater. Int., 2013, vol. 19, pp. 251–57.
E. Jimenez-Melero, N.H. van Dijk, L. Zhao, J. Sietsma, S.E. Offerman, J.P. Wright, and S. van der Zwaag: Scripta Mater., 2007, vol. 56, pp. 421–24.
N.H. Van Dijk, A.M. Butt, L. Zhao, J. Sietsma, S.E. Offerman, J.P. Wright, and S. Zwaag: Acta Mater., 2005, vol. 53, pp. 5439–47.
M.R. Berrahmoune, S. Berveiller, K. Inal, A. Moulin, and E. Patoor: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, vol. 378, pp. 304–07.
Z. Shi, K. Liu, M. Wang, J. Shi, H. Dong, J. Pu, B. Chi, Y. Zhang, and L. Jian: Met. Mater. Int., 2012, vol. 18, pp. 317–20.
J.-B. Seol, D. Raabe, P.-P. Choi, H.-S. Park, J.-H. Kwak, and C.-G. Park: Scripta Mater., 2012, vol. 68, pp. 348–53.
S. Lee, C.G. Lee, D. Kwon, S.-H. Park, and N.J. Kim: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1996, vol. 27A, pp. 1241–50.
A. Ardehali Barani, F. Li, P. Romano, D. Ponge, and D. Raabe: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, vol. 463, pp. 138–46.
C.P. Hong and J.J. Park: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, vol. 140, pp. 454–59.
H.-J. Lee, S.S. Sohn, S. Lee, J.-H. Kwak, and B.-J. Lee: Scripta Mater., 2013, vol. 68, pp. 339–42.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy under a grant No. 10031723-2011-21. The authors would like to thank Professor Nack J. Kim and Mr. Hyuk-Joong Lee of POSTECH for their help with the alloying effect and microstructural analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript submitted March 13, 2013.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sohn, S.S., Lee, BJ., Lee, S. et al. Effect of Mn Addition on Microstructural Modification and Cracking Behavior of Ferritic Light-Weight Steels. Metall Mater Trans A 45, 5469–5485 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2502-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2502-z