Abstract
Land use change and occupation have led to modifications in the environment causing loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services throughout the planet. Some environments with high economic relevance, such as the ferruginous campo rupestre (rupestrian grassland known as Canga in Brazil), are even more susceptible to severe impacts due to their extreme habitat conditions and low resilience. The determination of reference ecosystems based on the intrinsic characteristics of the ecosystem is essential for conservation as well as to the implementation of ecological restoration. We proposed the reference ecosystem of the three main types of habitats of the ferruginous campo rupestre based on their floristic composition. We described the floristic composition of each habitat and evaluated the physicochemical properties of the soils and the relationship between plants and soils. All three habitats showed high diversity of plant species and many endemic species, such as Chamaecrista choriophylla, Cuphea pseudovaccinium, Lychnophora pinaster, and Vellozia subalata. The distribution of vegetation was strongly related with the edaphic characteristics, with a set of species more adapted to high concentration of base saturation, fine sand, organic carbon, and iron, while another set of species succeeded in more acidic soils with higher S and silt concentration. We provide support for the contention that the ferruginous campo rupestre is a mosaic of different habitats shaped by intrinsic local conditions. Failure to recognize the floristic composition of each particular habitat can lead to inappropriate restoration, increased habitat homogenization and increased loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. This study also advances the knowledge base for building the reference ecosystem for the different types of ferruginous campo rupestre habitats, as well as a key database for highlighting those species contribute most to community assembly in this diverse and threatened tropical mountain ecosystem.
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Change history
08 April 2024
An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-024-8648-2
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank Carla Rago for support on field data acquisition, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. We thank Anglo American and Knowledge Center for Biodiversity for financial support and to the research funding agencies CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), and FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) and Peld- CRSC 17 (Long Term Ecology Program - campo rupestre of Serra do Cipó). DN and LR thanks scholarship from CNPq (151341/2023-0, 150001/2023-1). We thank Reserva Vellozia for logistical support, and to all who participated in the field and laboratory work, and Kleber F.A. Silva for the elaboration of the map. We also thank U.G. Fernandes (Acanthaceae); I. Koch (Apocynaceae); M. Groppo (Aquifoliaceae and Rutaceae); P. Fiaschi (Araliaceae); G. Heidein and A.M. Teles (Asteraceae); R.S. Ribeiro (Bignoniaceae and Rapateaceae); M.G.C. Nogueira (Bromeliaceae); D.R. Gonzaga (Cactaceae); R. Jorge (Calophyllaceae); A.L. Moreira (Convolvulaceae); R. Trevisan (Cyperaceae); C.N. Fraga (Dilleniaceae); A. Cabral (Ericaceae); L. Echternacht (Eriocaulaceae); J.L. Costa-Lima (Erythroxylaceae); M.L.L. Martins; D.S. Carneiro-Torres (Euphorbiaceae); L. Borges (Fabaceae); J. Rossini (Gesneriaceae); M.V. Dantas-Queiroz (Iridaceae); G. Antar (Lamiaceae); F.M. Alves (Lauraceae); M.G. Facco (Lythraceae); M.C. Duarte (Malvaceae); R. Romero and M. Reginato (Melastomataceae); M.C.H. Mamede (Malpighiaceae); M.O. Bunger (Myrtaceae); F. Rossetto (Nyctaginaceae); A.V. Scatigna (Orobanchaceae); N.C. Bigio (Peraceae); P. Orlandini (Phyllanthaceae); R.L. Borges (Rubiaceae); C.A. Júnior Ferreira (Velloziaceae); P. Cardoso (Verbenaceae); and E.D. Lozano (Xyridaceae) for species identifications. We dedicate this work in memoriam to Professor Dr. Claudia Maria Jacobi, who has dedicated so much effort to the knowledge and conservation of ferruginous campos rupestres habitats.
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LR, DN, VMG, GWF: Conceptualization; JCB, DCP, VMG, GWF: Field data collection; DN, JCB: Data curation; DN: Formal analysis, Visualization; LR: Writing- Original draft preparation; DN, DCP, JCB, VMG, GWF: Methodology; LR, DN, DCP, GWF, JCB, VMG: Writing- Reviewing and Editing.
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Fernandes, G.W., Ramos, L., Paiva, D.C. et al. Floristic composition and edaphic relationships in ferruginous campo rupestre reference ecosystems. J. Mt. Sci. 21, 719–733 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-023-8333-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-023-8333-x