Abstract
This review paper summarizes the research of Mercury’s magnetosphere in the Post-MESSENGER era and compares its dynamics to those in other planetary magnetospheres, especially to those in Earth’s magnetosphere. This review starts by introducing the planet Mercury, including its interplanetary environment, magnetosphere, exosphere, and conducting core. The frequent and intense magnetic reconnection on the dayside magnetopause, which is represented by the flux transfer event “shower”, is reviewed on how they depend on magnetosheath plasma β and magnetic shear angle across the magnetopause, following by how it contributes to the flux circulation and magnetosphere-surface-exosphere coupling. In the next, Mercury’s magnetosphere under extreme solar events, including the core induction and the reconnection erosion on the dayside magnetosphere, the responses of the nightside magnetosphere, are reviewed. Then, the dawn-dusk properties of the plasma sheet, including the features of the ions, the structure of the current sheet, and the dynamics of magnetic reconnection, are summarized. The last topic is devoted to the particle energization in Mercury’s magnetosphere, which includes the energization of the Kelvin-Helmholtz waves on the magnetopause boundaries, reconnection-generated magnetic structures, and the cross-tail electric field. In each chapter, the last section discusses the open questions related to each topic, which can be considered by the simulations and the future spacecraft mission. We end this paper by summarizing the future BepiColombo opportunities, which is a joint mission of ESA and JAXA and is en route to Mercury.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Aizawa S, Delcourt D, Terada N. 2018. Sodium ion dynamics in the magnetospheric flanks of Mercury. Geophys Res Lett, 45: 595–601
Aizawa S, Delcourt D, Terada N, André N. 2020a. Statistical study of non-adiabatic energization and transport in Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices at Mercury. Planet Space Sci, 193: 105079
Aizawa S, Raines J M, Delcourt D, Terada N, André N. 2020b. MESSENGER observations of planetary ion characteristics in the vicinity of Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices at Mercury. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 125: e27871
Akasofu S I. 1964. The development of the auroral substorm. Planet Space Sci, 12: 273–282
Akasofu S I. 1981. Energy coupling between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. Space Sci Rev, 28: 121–190
Akhavan-Tafti M, Palmroth M, Slavin J A, Battarbee M, Ganse U, Grandin M, Le G, Gershman D J, Eastwood J P, Stawarz J E. 2020. Comparative analysis of the vlasiator simulations and MMS observations of multiple X-line reconnection and flux transfer events. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 125: e27410
Alfè D, Gillan M J, Price G D. 2007. Temperature and composition of the Earth’s core. Contemp Phys, 48: 63–80
Anderson B J, Acuña M H, Korth H, Slavin J A, Uno H, Johnson C L, Purucker M E, Solomon S C, Raines J M, Zurbuchen T H, Gloeckler G, McNutt R L. 2010. The magnetic field of Mercury. Space Sci Rev, 152: 307–339
Anderson B J, Acuña M H, Lohr D A, Scheifele J, Raval A, Korth H, Slavin J A. 2007. The magnetometer instrument on MESSENGER. Space Sci Rev, 131: 417–450
Anderson B J, Johnson C L, Korth H, Slavin J A, Winslow R M, Phillips R J, McNutt Jr R L, Solomon S C. 2014. Steady-state field-aligned currents at Mercury. Geophys Res Lett, 41: 7444–7452
Anderson B J, Johnson C L, Korth H, Winslow R M, Borovsky J E, Purucker M E, Slavin J A, Solomon S C, Zuber M T, McNutt Jr R J. 2012. Low-degree structure in Mercury’s planetary magnetic field. J Geophys Res, 117: E00L12
Andrews G B, Zurbuchen T H, Mauk B H, Malcom H, Fisk L A, Gloeckler G, Ho G C, Kelley J S, Koehn P L, Lefevere T W, Livi S S, Lundgren R A, Raines J M. 2007. The energetic particle and plasma spectrometer instrument on the MESSENGER spacecraft. Space Sci Rev, 131: 523–556
Artemyev A V, Clark G, Mauk B, Vogt M F, Zhang X J. 2020. Juno observations of heavy ion energization during transient dipolarizations in Jupiter magnetotail. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 125: e27933
Artemyev A V, Petrukovich A A, Nakamura R, Zelenyi L M. 2011. Cluster statistics of thin current sheets in the Earth magnetotail: Specifics of the dawn flank, proton temperature profiles and electrostatic effects. J Geophys Res, 116: A09233
Ashour-Abdalla M, Berchem J P, Buechner J, Zelenyi L M. 1993. Shaping of the magnetotail from the mantle: Global and local structuring. J Geophys Res, 98: 5651–5676
Ashour-Abdalla M, Berchem J, Büchner J, Zelenyi L M. 1991. Large and small scale structures in the plasma sheet: A signature of chaotic motion and resonance effects. Geophys Res Lett, 18: 1603–1606
Ashour-Abdalla M, Zelenyi L M, Bosqued J M, Peroomian V, Wang Z, Schriver D, Richard R L. 1992. The formation of the wall region: Consequences in the near Earth magnetotail. Geophys Res Lett, 19: 1739–1742
Badman S V, Cowley S W H. 2007. Significance of Dungey-cycle flows in Jupiter’s and Saturn’s magnetospheres, and their identification on closed equatorial field lines. Ann Geophys, 25: 941–951
Badman S V, Jackman C M, Nichols J D, Clarke J T, Gérard J C. 2014. Open flux in Saturn’s magnetosphere. Icarus, 231: 137–145
Baker D N, Dewey R M, Lawrence D J, Goldsten J O, Peplowski P N, Korth H, Slavin J A, Krimigis S M, Anderson B J, Ho G C, McNutt Jr R L, Raines J M, Schriver D, Solomon S C. 2016. Intense energetic electron flux enhancements in Mercury’s magnetosphere: An integrated view with high-resolution observations from MESSENGER. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 121: 2171–2184
Bale S D, Goetz K, Harvey P R, Turin P, Bonnell J W, Dudok de Wit T, Ergun R E, MacDowall R J, Pulupa M, Andre M, Bolton M, Bougeret J L, Bowen T A, Burgess D, Cattell C A, Chandran B D G, Chaston C C, Chen C H K, Choi M K, Connerney J E, Cranmer S, Diaz-Aguado M, Donakowski W, Drake J F, Farrell W M, Fergeau P, Fermin J, Fischer J, Fox N, Glaser D, Goldstein M, Gordon D, Hanson E, Harris S E, Hayes L M, Hinze J J, Hollweg J V, Horbury T S, Howard R A, Hoxie V, Jannet G, Karlsson M, Kasper J C, Kellogg P J, Kien M, Klimchuk J A, Krasnoselskikh V V, Krucker S, Lynch J J, Maksimovic M, Malaspina D M, Marker S, Martin P, Martinez-Oliveros J, McCauley J, McComas D J, McDonald T, Meyer-Vernet N, Moncuquet M, Monson S J, Mozer F S, Murphy S D, Odom J, Oliverson R, Olson J, Parker E N, Pankow D, Phan T, Quataert E, Quinn T, Ruplin S W, Salem C, Seitz D, Sheppard D A, Siy A, Stevens K, Summers D, Szabo A, Timofeeva M, Vaivads A, Velli M, Yehle A, Werthimer D, Wygant J R. 2016. The FIELDS instrument suite for solar probe plus. Space Sci Rev, 204: 49–82
Baumjohann W, Haerendel G. 1985. Magnetospheric convection observed between 0600 and 2100 LT: Solar wind and IMF dependence. J Geophys Res, 90: 6370–6378
Baumjohann W, Matsuoka A, Narita Y, Magnes W, Heyner D, Glassmeier K H, Nakamura R, Fischer D, Plaschke F, Volwerk M, Zhang T L, Auster H U, Richter I, Balogh A, Carr C M, Dougherty M, Horbury T S, Tsunakawa H, Matsushima M, Shinohara M, Shibuya H, Nakagawa T, Hoshino M, Tanaka Y, Anderson B J, Russell C T, Motschmann U, Takahashi F, Fujimoto A. 2020. The BepiColombo-Mio magnetometer en route to Mercury. Space Sci Rev, 216: 125
Benkhoff J, van Casteren J, Hayakawa H, Fujimoto M, Laakso H, Novara M, Ferri P, Middleton H R, Ziethe R. 2010. BepiColombo—Comprehensive exploration of Mercury: Mission overview and science goals. Planet Space Sci, 58: 2–20
Benninghoven A. 1975. Developments in secondary ion mass spectroscopy and applications to surface studies. Surf Sci, 53: 596–625
Bida T A, Killen R M, Morgan T H. 2000. Discovery of calcium in Mercury’s atmosphere. Nature, 404: 159–161
Birn J, Nakamura R, Panov E V, Hesse M. 2011. Bursty bulk flows and dipolarization in MHD simulations of magnetotail reconnection. J Geophys Res, 116: A01210
Biskamp D, Welter H. 1980. Coalescence of magnetic islands. Phys Rev Lett, 44: 1069–1072
Boardsen S A, Kim E H, Raines J M, Slavin J A, Gershman D J, Anderson B J, Korth H, Sundberg T, Schriver D, Travnicek P. 2015. Interpreting ∼1 Hz magnetic compressional waves in Mercury’s inner magnetosphere in terms of propagating ion-Bernstein waves. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 120: 4213–4228
Boardsen S A, Slavin J A. 2007. Search for pick-up ion generated Na+ cyclotron waves at Mercury. Geophys Res Lett, 34: L22106
Bowers C F, Slavin J A, DiBraccio G A, Poh G, Hara T, Xu S, Brain D A. 2021. MAVEN survey of magnetic flux rope properties in the Martian ionosphere: Comparison with three types of formation mechanisms. Geophys Res Lett, 48: e93296
Boyle C B, Reiff P H, Hairston M R. 1997. Empirical polar cap potentials. J Geophys Res, 102: 111–125
Brambles O J, Lotko W, Zhang B, Wiltberger M, Lyon J, Strangeway R J. 2011. Magnetosphere sawtooth oscillations induced by ionospheric outflow. Science, 332: 1183–1186
Broadfoot A L, Shemansky D E, Kumar S. 1976. Mariner 10: Mercury atmosphere. Geophys Res Lett, 3: 577–580
Büchner J, Kilian P, Muñoz P A, Spanier F, Widmer F, Zhou X, Jain N. 2018. Kinetic simulations of electron acceleration at Mercury. In: Lühr H, Wicht J, Gilder S A, Holschneider M, eds. Magnetic Fields in the Solar System: Planets, Moons and Solar Wind Interactions. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 201–240
Burch J L, Moore T E, Torbert R B, Giles B L. 2016. Magnetospheric multiscale overview and science objectives. Space Sci Rev, 199: 5–21
Burkholder B L, Delamere P A, Johnson J R, Ng C S. 2020. Identifying active Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices on Saturn’s magnetopause boundary. Geophys Res Lett, 47: e84206
Burlaga L F. 2001. Magnetic fields and plasmas in the inner heliosphere: Helios results. Planet Space Sci, 49: 1619–1627
Burtis W J, Helliwell R A. 1976. Magnetospheric chorus: Occurrence patterns and normalized frequency. Planet Space Sci, 24: 1007–1024
Chen C, Sun T R, Wang C, Huang Z H, Tang B B, Guo X C. 2019. The effect of solar wind mach numbers on the occurrence rate of flux transfer events at the dayside magnetopause. Geophys Res Lett, 46: 4106–4113
Chen Y, Tóth G, Jia X, Slavin J A, Sun W, Markidis S, Gombosi T I, Raines J M. 2019. Studying dawn-dusk asymmetries of Mercury’s magnetotail using MHD-EPIC simulations. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 124: 8954–8973
Cheng A F, Johnson R E, Krimigis S M, Lanzerotti L J. 1987. Magnetosphere, exosphere, and surface of Mercury. Icarus, 71: 430–440
Cheng X, Guo Y, Ding M D. 2017. Origin and structures of solar eruptions I: Magnetic flux rope. Sci China Earth Sci, 60: 1383–1407
Christensen U R. 2006. A deep dynamo generating Mercury’s magnetic field. Nature, 444: 1056–1058
Christon S P. 1987. A comparison of the Mercury and Earth magnetospheres: Electron measurements and substorm time scales. Icarus, 71: 448–471
Cooling B M A, Owen C J, Schwartz S J. 2001. Role of the magnetosheath flow in determining the motion of open flux tubes. J Geophys Res, 106: 18763–18775
Coroniti F V, Kennel C F. 1972. Changes in magnetospheric configuration during the substorm growth phase. J Geophys Res, 77: 3361–3370
Crooker N U. 1992. Reverse convection. J Geophys Res, 97: 19363–19372
Dahlin J T, Drake J F, Swisdak M. 2014. The mechanisms of electron heating and acceleration during magnetic reconnection. Phys Plasmas, 21: 092304
Daughton W, Scudder J, Karimabadi H. 2006. Fully kinetic simulations of undriven magnetic reconnection with open boundary conditions. Phys Plasmas, 13: 072101
Delamere P A, Burkholder B, Ma X. 2018. Three-dimensional hybrid simulation of viscous-like processes at Saturn’s magnetopause boundary. Geophys Res Lett, 45: 7901–7908
Delcourt D C, Belmont G, Sauvaud J A, Moore T E, Martin Jr R F. 1996a. Centrifugally driven phase bunching and related current sheet structure in the near-Earth magnetotail. J Geophys Res, 101: 19839–19847
Delcourt D C, Grimald S, Leblanc F, Berthelier J J, Millilo A, Mura A, Orsini S, Moore T E. 2003. A quantitative model of the planetary Na+ contribution to Mercury’s magnetosphere. Ann Geophys, 21: 1723–1736
Delcourt D C, Leblanc F, Seki K, Terada N, Moore T E, Fok M C. 2007. Ion energization during substorms at Mercury. Planet Space Sci, II: 1502–1508
Delcourt D C, Malova H V, Zelenyi L M. 2017. On the response of quasiadiabatic particles to magnetotail reconfigurations. Ann Geophys, 35: 11–23
Delcourt D C, Martin Jr R F. 1994. Application of the centrifugal impulse model to particle motion in the near-Earth magnetotail. J Geophys Res, 99: 23583–23590
Delcourt D C, Moore T E, Orsini S, Millilo A, Sauvaud J A. 2002. Centrifugal acceleration of ions near Mercury. Geophys Res Lett, 29: 32
Delcourt D C, Sauvaud J A, Martin Jr R F, Moore T E. 1995. Gyrophase effects in the centrifugal impulse model of particle motion in the magnetotail. J Geophys Res, 100: 17211–17220
Delcourt D C, Sauvaud J A, Martin Jr R F, Moore T E. 1996b. On the nonadiabatic precipitation of ions from the near-Earth plasma sheet. J Geophys Res, 101: 17409–17418
Delcourt D C. 2013. On the supply of heavy planetary material to the magnetotail of Mercury. Ann Geophys, 31: 1673–1679
Dewey R M, Raines J M, Sun W, Slavin J A, Poh G. 2018. MESSENGER observations of fast plasma flows in Mercury’s magnetotail. Geophys Res Lett, 45: 10,110–10,118
Dewey R M, Slavin J A, Raines J M, Azari A R, Sun W. 2020. MESSENGER observations of flow braking and flux pileup of dipolarizations in Mercury’s magnetotail: evidence for current wedge formation. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 125: e2020JA028112
Dewey R M, Slavin J A, Raines J M, Baker D N, Lawrence D J. 2017. Energetic Electron Acceleration and Injection During Dipolarization Events in Mercury’s Magnetotail. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 122: 12,170–12,188
DiBraccio G A, Slavin J A, Imber S M, Gershman D J, Raines J M, Jackman C M, Boardsen S A, Anderson B J, Korth H, Zurbuchen T H, McNutt Jr R L, Solomon S C. 2015b. MESSENGER observations of flux ropes in Mercury’s magnetotail. Planet Space Sci, 115: 77–89
DiBraccio G A, Slavin J A, Raines J M, Gershman D J, Tracy P J, Boardsen S A, Zurbuchen T H, Anderson B J, Korth H, McNutt Jr R L, Solomon S C. 2015a. First observations of Mercury’s plasma mantle by MESSENGER. Geophys Res Lett, 42: 9666–9675
Ding D Q, Lee L C, Kennel C F. 1992. The beta dependence of the collisionless tearing instability at the dayside magnetopause. J Geophys Res, 97: 8257–8267
Domingue D L, Koehn P L, Killen R M, Sprague A L, Sarantos M, Cheng A F, Bradley E T, McClintock W E. 2007. Mercury’s Atmosphere: A Surface-Bounded Exosphere. In: Domingue D L, Russell C T, eds. The Messenger Mission to Mercury. New York, NY: Springer New York. 161–186
Dong C, Wang L, Hakim A, Bhattacharjee A, Slavin J A, DiBraccio G A, Germaschewski K. 2019. Global ten-moment multifluid simulations of the Solar wind interaction with Mercury: From the planetary conducting core to the dynamic magnetosphere. Geophys Res Lett, 46: 11584–11596
Dong Y, Fang X, Brain D A, McFadden J P, Halekas J S, Connerney J E, Curry S M, Harada Y, Luhmann J G, Jakosky B M. 2015. Strong plume fluxes at Mars observed by MAVEN: An important planetary ion escape channel. Geophys Res Lett, 42: 8942–8950
Dorelli J C, Bhattacharjee A. 2009. On the generation and topology of flux transfer events. J Geophys Res, 114: A06213
Drake J F, Swisdak M, Che H, Shay M A. 2006. Electron acceleration from contracting magnetic islands during reconnection. Nature, 443: 553–556
Dubinin E, Fraenz M, Fedorov A, Lundin R, Edberg N, Duru F, Vaisberg O. 2011. Ion energization and escape on Mars and Venus. Space Sci Rev, 162: 173–211
Dungey J W, Southwood D J. 1970. Ultra low frequency waves in the magnetosphere. Space Sci Rev, 10: 672–688
Dungey J W. 1961. Interplanetary magnetic field and the auroral zones. Phys Rev Lett, 6: 47–48
Eastwood J P, Videira J J H, Brain D A, Halekas J S. 2012. A chain of magnetic flux ropes in the magnetotail of Mars. Geophys Res Lett, 39: L03104
Elphic R C, Funsten III H O, Hervig R L. 1993. Solar wind-induced secondary ions and their relation to lunar surface composition. In: the 24th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Houston. 439
Eraker J H, Simpson J A. 1986. Acceleration of charged particles in Mercury’s magnetosphere. J Geophys Res, 91: 9973–9994
Eriksson S, Lavraud B, Wilder F D, Stawarz J E, Giles B L, Burch J L, Baumjohann W, Ergun R E, Lindqvist P A, Magnes W, Pollock C J, Russell C T, Saito Y, Strangeway R J, Torbert R B, Gershman D J, Khotyaintsev Y V, Dorelli J C, Schwartz S J, Avanov L, Grimes E, Vernisse Y, Sturner A P, Phan T D, Marklund G T, Moore T E, Paterson W R, Goodrich K A. 2016. Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of magnetic reconnection associated with Kelvin-Helmholtz waves. Geophys Res Lett, 43: 5606–5615
Espinoza C M, Stepanova M, Moya P S, Antonova E E, Valdivia J A. 2018. Ion and electron κ distribution functions along the plasma sheet. Geophys Res Lett, 45: 6362–6370
Exner W, Heyner D, Liuzzo L, Motschmann U, Shiota D, Kusano K, Shibayama T. 2018. Coronal mass ejection hits Mercury: A.I.K.E.F. hybrid-code results compared to MESSENGER data. Planet Space Sci, 153: 89–99
Exner W, Simon S, Heyner D, Motschmann U. 2020. Influence of Mercury’s exosphere on the structure of the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 125: e2019JA027691
Fairfield D H. 1986. The magnetic field of the equatorial magnetotail from 10 to 40 RE. J Geophys Res, 91: 4238–4244
Fear R C, Coxon J C, Jackman C M. 2019. The contribution of flux transfer events to Mercury’s dungey cycle. Geophys Res Lett, 46: 14239–14246
Fear R C, Milan S E, Fazakerley A N, Owen C J, Asikainen T, Taylor M G G T, Lucek E A, Rème H, Dandouras I, Daly P W. 2007. Motion of flux transfer events: A test of the cooling model. Ann Geophys, 25: 1669–1690
Fear R C, Trenchi L, Coxon J C, Milan S E. 2017. How much flux does a flux transfer event transfer? J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 122: 12,310–12,327
Fejer B G, Gonzales C A, Farley D T, Kelley M C, Woodman R F. 1979. Equatorial electric fields during magnetically disturbed conditions 1. The effect of the interplanetary magnetic field. J Geophys Res, 84: 5797–5802
Fermo R L, Drake J F, Swisdak M, Hwang K J. 2011. Comparison of a statistical model for magnetic islands in large current layers with Hall MHD simulations and Cluster FTE observations. J Geophys Res, 116: A09226
Ferraro V C A. 1960. An approximate method of estimating the size and shape of the stationary hollow carved out in a neutral ionized stream of corpuscles impinging on the geomagnetic field. J Geophys Res, 65: 3951–3953
Fox N J, Velli M C, Bale S D, Decker R, Driesman A, Howard R A, Kasper J C, Kinnison J, Kusterer M, Lario D, Lockwood M K, McComas D J, Raouafi N E, Szabo A. 2016. The Solar probe plus mission: Humanity’s first visit to our star. Space Sci Rev, 204: 7–48
Freeman J W, Ibrahim M. 1975. Lunar electric fields, surface potential and associated plasma sheaths. Moon, 14: 103–114
Frey H U, Phan T D, Fuselier S A, Mende S B. 2003. Continuous magnetic reconnection at Earth’s magnetopause. Nature, 426: 533–537
Fu H S, Cao J B, Khotyaintsev Y V, Sitnov M I, Runov A, Fu S Y, Hamrin M, André M, Retinò A, Ma Y D, Lu H Y, Wei X H, Huang S Y. 2013. Dipolarization fronts as a consequence of transient reconnection: In situ evidence. Geophys Res Lett, 40: 6023–6027
Fu H, Grigorenko E E, Gabrielse C, Liu C, Lu S, Hwang K J, Zhou X, Wang Z, Chen F. 2020. Magnetotail dipolarization fronts and particle acceleration: A review. Sci China Earth Sci, 63: 235–256
Fu S Y, Shi Q Q, Wang C, Parks G, Zheng L, Zheng H, Sun W J. 2011. High-speed flowing plasmas in the Earth’s plasma sheet. Chin Sci Bull, 56: 1182–1187
Fu Z F, Lee L C, Shi Y. 1990. A three-dimensional MHD simulation of the multiple X line reconnection process. In: Russell C T, Priest E R, Lee L C, eds. Physics of Magnetic Flux Ropes. Geophysical Monograph Series. 58. Washington D C: American Geophysical Union (AGU). 515–519
Gabrielse C, Angelopoulos V, Runov A, Turner D L. 2014. Statistical characteristics of particle injections throughout the equatorial magnetotail. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 119: 2512–2535
Genestreti K J, Fuselier S A, Goldstein J, Nagai T, Eastwood J P. 2014. The location and rate of occurrence of near-Earth magnetotail reconnection as observed by Cluster and Geotail. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys, 121: 98–109
Genova A, Goossens S, Mazarico E, Lemoine F G, Neumann G A, Kuang W, Sabaka T J, Hauck II S A, Smith D E, Solomon S C, Zuber M T. 2019. Geodetic evidence that Mercury has a solid inner core. Geophys Res Lett, 46: 3625–3633
Gershman D J, DiBraccio G A. 2020. Solar cycle dependence of Solar wind coupling with giant planet magnetospheres. Geophys Res Lett, 47: e2020GL089315
Gershman D J, Raines J M, Slavin J A, Zurbuchen T H, Sundberg T, Boardsen S A, Anderson B J, Korth H, Solomon S C. 2015. MESSENGER observations of multiscale Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices at Mercury. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 120: 4354–4368
Gershman D J, Slavin J A, Raines J M, Zurbuchen T H, Anderson B J, Korth H, Baker D N, Solomon S C. 2013. Magnetic flux pileup and plasma depletion in Mercury’s subsolar magnetosheath. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 118: 7181–7199
Gershman D J, Slavin J A, Raines J M, Zurbuchen T H, Anderson B J, Korth H, Baker D N, Solomon S C. 2014. Ion kinetic properties in Mercury’s pre-midnight plasma sheet. Geophys Res Lett, 41: 5740–5747
Gilbert J A, Lepri S T, Landi E, Zurbuchen T H. 2012. First measurements of the complete heavy-ion charge state distributions of C, O, and Fe associated with interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Astrophys J, 751: 20
Glassmeier K H. 2000. Currents in Mercury’s magnetosphere. In: Obtani S, Fujii R, Hesse M, Lysak R L, eds. Magnetospheric Current Systems. Geophys Monogr Ser. 118. Washington D C: American Geophysical Union (AGU). 371–380
Glassmeier K H, Auster H U, Heyner D, Okrafka K, Carr C, Berghofer G, Anderson B J, Balogh A, Baumjohann W, Cargill P, Christensen U, Delva M, Dougherty M, Fornaçon K H, Horbury T S, Lucek E A, Magnes W, Mandea M, Matsuoka A, Matsushima M, Motschmann U, Nakamura R, Narita Y, O’Brien H, Richter I, Schwingenschuh K, Shibuya H, Slavin J A, Sotin C, Stoll B, Tsunakawa H, Vennerstrom S, Vogt J, Zhang T. 2010. The fluxgate magnetometer of the BepiColombo Mercury Planetary Orbiter. Planet Space Sci, 58: 287–299
Glassmeier K H, Grosser J, Auster U, Constantinescu D, Narita Y, Stellmach S. 2007. Electromagnetic induction effects and dynamo action in the hermean system. Space Sci Rev, 132: 511–527
Glassmeier K H, Klimushkin D, Othmer C, Mager P. 2004. ULF waves at Mercury: Earth, the giants, and their little brother compared. Adv Space Res, 33: 1875–1883
Gloeckler G, Galvin A B, Ipavich F M, Geiss J, Balsiger H, von Steiger R, Fisk L A, Ogilvie K W, Wilken B. 1993. Detection of interstellar pickup hydrogen in the Solar System. Science, 261: 70–73
Goertz C K, Nielsen E, Korth A, Haldoupis C, Hoeg P, Hayward D, Glassmeier K H. 1985. Observations of a possible ground signature of flux transfer events. J Geophys Res, 90: 4069–4078
Goertz C K. 1980. Io’s interaction with the plasma torus. J Geophys Res, 85: 2949–2956
Goldstein B E, Suess S T, Walker R J. 1981. Mercury: Magnetospheric processes and the atmospheric supply and loss rates. J Geophys Res, 86: 5485–5499
Grasset O, Sotin C, Deschamps F. 2000. On the internal structure and dynamics of Titan. Planet Space Sci, 48: 617–636
Gurnett D A, Kurth W S, Scarf F L. 1981. Plasma waves near Saturn: Initial results from voyager 1. Science, 212: 235–239
Haerendel G, Paschmann G, Sckopke N, Rosenbauer H, Hedgecock P C. 1978. The frontside boundary layer of the magnetosphere and the problem of reconnection. J Geophys Res, 83: 3195–3216
Halekas J S, Delory G T, Lin R P, Stubbs T J, Farrell W M. 2008. Lunar Prospector observations of the electrostatic potential of the lunar surface and its response to incident currents. J Geophys Res, 113: A09102
Hara T, Harada Y, Mitchell D L, DiBraccio G A, Espley J R, Brain D A, Halekas J S, Seki K, Luhmann J G, McFadden J P, Mazelle C, Jakosky B M. 2017. On the origins of magnetic flux ropes in near-Mars magnetotail current sheets. Geophys Res Lett, 44: 7653–7662
Hasegawa H, Fujimoto M, Phan T D, Rème H, Balogh A, Dunlop M W, Hashimoto C, Tandokoro R. 2004. Transport of solar wind into Earth’s magnetosphere through rolled-up Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices. Nature, 430: 755–758
Hasegawa H, Fujimoto M, Takagi K, Saito Y, Mukai T, Rème H. 2006. Single-spacecraft detection of rolled-up Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices at the flank magnetopause. J Geophys Res, 111: A09203
Hasegawa H, Wang J, Dunlop M W, Pu Z Y, Zhang Q H, Lavraud B, Taylor M G G T, Constantinescu O D, Berchem J, Angelopoulos V, McFadden J P, Frey H U, Panov E V, Volwerk M, Bogdanova Y V. 2010. Evidence for a flux transfer event generated by multiple X-line reconnection at the magnetopause. Geophys Res Lett, 37: L16101
Hauck II S A, Margot J L, Solomon S C, Phillips R J, Johnson C L, Lemoine F G, Mazarico E, McCoy T J, Padovan S, Peale S J, Perry M E, Smith D E, Zuber M T. 2013. The curious case of Mercury’s internal structure. J Geophys Res-Planets, 118: 1204–1220
Henderson M G, Reeves G D, Skoug R, Thomsen M F, Denton M H, Mende S B, Immel T J, Brandt P C, Singer H J. 2006. Magnetospheric and auroral activity during the 18 April 2002 sawtooth event. J Geophys Res, 111: A01S90
Heyner D, Auster H U, Fornaçon K H, Carr C, Richter I, Mieth J Z D, Kolhey P, Exner W, Motschmann U, Baumjohann W, Matsuoka A, Magnes W, Berghofer G, Fischer D, Plaschke F, Nakamura R, Narita Y, Delva M, Volwerk M, Balogh A, Dougherty M, Horbury T, Langlais B, Mandea M, Masters A, Oliveira J S, Sánchez-Cano B, Slavin J A, Vennerstrøm S, Vogt J, Wicht J, Glassmeier K H. 2021. The BepiColombo planetary magnetometer MPO-MAG: What can we learn from the hermean magnetic field?. Space Sci Rev, 217: 52
Heyner D, Nabert C, Liebert E, Glassmeier K H. 2016. Concerning reconnection-induction balance at the magnetopause of Mercury. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 121: 2935–2961
Ho G C, Starr R D, Krimigis S M, Vandegriff J D, Baker D N, Gold R E, Anderson B J, Korth H, Schriver D, McNutt Jr R L, Solomon S C. 2016. MESSENGER observations of suprathermal electrons in Mercury’s magnetosphere. Geophys Res Lett, 43: 550–555
Hodges Jr R R. 1975. Formation of the lunar atmosphere. Moon, 14: 139–157
Hofer W O. 1991. Angular, energy, and mass distribution of sputtered particles. In: Behrisch R, Wittmaack K, eds. Sputtering by Particle Bombardment III: Characteristics of Sputtered Particles, Technical Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 15–90
Hoilijoki S, Ganse U, Pfau-Kempf Y, Cassak P A, Walsh B M, Hietala H, von Alfthan S, Palmroth M. 2017. Reconnection rates and X line motion at the magnetopause: Global 2D-3V hybrid-Vlasov simulation results. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 122: 2877–2888
Hood L L, Schubert G. 1979. Inhibition of solar wind impingement on Mercury by planetary induction currents. J Geophys Res, 84: 2641–2647
Horne R B, Thorne R M. 1998. Potential waves for relativistic electron scattering and stochastic acceleration during magnetic storms. Geophys Res Lett, 25: 3011–3014
Hu S Q. 2017. The Grad-Shafranov reconstruction in twenty years: 1996–2016. Sci China Earth Sci, 60: 1466–1494
Huang C S, Foster J C, Kelley M C. 2005. Long-duration penetration of the interplanetary electric field to the low-latitude ionosphere during the main phase of magnetic storms. J Geophys Res, 110: A11309
Huang C S, Foster J C, Reeves G D, Le G, Frey H U, Pollock C J, Jahn J M. 2003. Periodic magnetospheric substorms: Multiple space-based and ground-based instrumental observations. J Geophys Res, 108: 1411
Huang S Y, Wang Q Y, Sahraoui F, Yuan Z G, Liu Y J, Deng X H, Sun W J, Jiang K, Xu S B, Yu X D, Wei Y Y, Zhang J. 2020. Analysis of turbulence properties in the Mercury plasma environment using MESSENGER observations. Astrophys J, 891: 159
Hunten D M, Morgan T H, Shemansky D E. 1988. The Mercury atmosphere. Mercury: University of Arizona Press. 562–612
Huovelin J, Vainio R, Kilpua E, Lehtolainen A, Korpela S, Esko E, Muinonen K, Bunce E, Martindale A, Grande M, Andersson H, Nenonen S, Lehti J, Schmidt W, Genzer M, Vihavainen T, Saari J, Peltonen J, Valtonen E, Talvioja M, Portin P, Narendranath S, Jarvinen R, Okada T, Milillo A, Laurenza M, Heino E, Oleynik P. 2020. Solar intensity x-ray and particle spectrometer SIXS: Instrument design and first results. Space Sci Rev, 216: 94
Hwang K J, Kuznetsova M M, Sahraoui F, Goldstein M L, Lee E, Parks G K. 2011. Kelvin-Helmholtz waves under southward interplanetary magnetic field. J Geophys Res, 116: A08210
Iess L, Jacobson R A, Ducci M, Stevenson D J, Lunine J I, Armstrong J W, Asmar S W, Racioppa P, Rappaport N J, Tortora P. 2012. The tides of Titan. Science, 337: 457–459
Imber S M, Slavin J A, Auster H U, Angelopoulos V. 2011. A THEMIS survey of flux ropes and traveling compression regions: Location of the near-Earth reconnection site during solar minimum. J Geophys Res, 116: A02201
Imber S M, Slavin J A, Boardsen S A, Anderson B J, Korth H, McNutt Jr R L, Solomon S C. 2014. MESSENGER observations of large dayside flux transfer events: Do they drive Mercury’s substorm cycle?. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 119: 5613–5623
Imber S M, Slavin J A. 2017. MESSENGER observations of magnetotail loading and unloading: Implications for substorms at Mercury. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 122: 11,402–11,412
Ip W H, Axford W I. 1980. A weak interaction model for Io and the jovian magnetosphere. Nature, 283: 180–183
Ip W H. 1987. Dynamics of electrons and heavy ions in Mercury’s magnetosphere. Icarus, 71: 441–447
Jackman C M, Achilleos N, Bunce E J, Cowley S W H, Dougherty M K, Jones G H, Milan S E, Smith E J. 2004. Interplanetary magnetic field at ∼9 AU during the declining phase of the solar cycle and its implications for Saturn’s magnetospheric dynamics. J Geophys Res, 109: A11203
Jackman C M, Arridge C S. 2011. Solar cycle effects on the dynamics of Jupiter’s and Saturn’s magnetospheres. Sol Phys, 274: 485–502
James M K, Imber S M, Bunce E J, Yeoman T K, Lockwood M, Owens M J, Slavin J A. 2017. Interplanetary magnetic field properties and variability near Mercury’s orbit. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 122: 7907–7924
James M K, Imber S M, Yeoman T K, Bunce E J. 2019. Field line resonance in the hermean magnetosphere: Structure and implications for plasma distribution. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 124: 211–228
Janhunen P, Kallio E. 2004. Surface conductivity of Mercury provides current closure and may affect magnetospheric symmetry. Ann Geophys, 22: 1829–1837
Jasinski J M, Akhavan-Tafti M, Sun W, Slavin J A, Coates A J, Fuselier S A, Sergis N, Murphy N. 2021. Flux transfer events at a reconnection-suppressed magnetopause: Cassini observations at Saturn. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 126: e2020JA028786
Jasinski J M, Regoli L H, Cassidy T A, Dewey R M, Raines J M, Slavin J A, Coates A J, Gershman D J, Nordheim T A, Murphy N. 2020. A transient enhancement of Mercury’s exosphere at extremely high altitudes inferred from pickup ions. Nat Commun, 11: 4350
Jasinski J M, Slavin J A, Arridge C S, Poh G, Jia X, Sergis N, Coates A J, Jones G H, Waite Jr J H. 2016. Flux transfer event observation at Saturn’s dayside magnetopause by the Cassini spacecraft. Geophys Res Lett, 43: 6713–6723
Jasinski J M, Slavin J A, Raines J M, DiBraccio G A. 2017. Mercury’s solar wind interaction as characterized by magnetospheric plasma mantle observations With MESSENGER. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 122: 12,153–12,169
Jia X, Slavin J A, Gombosi T I, Daldorff L K S, Toth G, Holst B. 2015. Global MHD simulations of Mercury’s magnetosphere with coupled planetary interior: Induction effect of the planetary conducting core on the global interaction. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 120: 4763–4775
Jia X, Slavin J A, Poh G, DiBraccio G A, Toth G, Chen Y, Raines J M, Gombosi T I. 2019. MESSENGER observations and global simulations of highly compressed magnetosphere events at Mercury. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 124: 229–247
Johnson C L, Philpott L C, Anderson B J, Korth H, Hauck Ii S A, Heyner D, Phillips R J, Winslow R M, Solomon S C. 2016. MESSENGER observations of induced magnetic fields in Mercury’s core. Geophys Res Lett, 43: 2436–2444
Johnson J R, Cheng C Z. 1997. Kinetic Alfvén waves and plasma transport at the magnetopause. Geophys Res Lett, 24: 1423–1426
Johnson J R, Cheng C Z. 2001. Stochastic ion heating at the magnetopause due to kinetic Alfvén waves. Geophys Res Lett, 28: 4421–4424
Johnson R E, Leblanc F, Yakshinskiy B V, Madey T E. 2002. Energy distributions for desorption of sodium and potassium from ice: The Na/K ratio at Europa. Icarus, 156: 136–142
Juusola L, Østgaard N, Tanskanen E, Partamies N, Snekvik K. 2011b. Earthward plasma sheet flows during substorm phases. J Geophys Res, 116: A10228
Juusola L, Østgaard N, Tanskanen E. 2011a. Statistics of plasma sheet convection. J Geophys Res, 116: A08201
Kan J R, Lee L C. 1979. Energy coupling function and solar wind-magnetosphere dynamo. Geophys Res Lett, 6: 577–580
Karlsson T, Kasaba Y, Wahlund J E, Henri P, Bylander L, Puccio W, Jansson S E, Åhlen L, Kallio E, Kojima H, Kumamoto A, Lappalainen K, Lybekk B, Ishisaka K, Eriksson A, Morooka M. 2020. The MEFISTO and WPT electric field sensors of the plasma wave investigation on the BepiColombo Mio spacecraft. Space Sci Rev, 216: 132
Kasaba Y, Takashima T, Matsuda S, Eguchi S, Endo M, Miyabara T, Taeda M, Kuroda Y, Kasahara Y, Imachi T, Kojima H, Yagitani S, Moncuquet M, Wahlund J E, Kumamoto A, Matsuoka A, Baumjohann W, Yokota S, Asamura K, Saito Y, Delcourt D, Hirahara M, Barabash S, Andre N, Kobayashi M, Yoshikawa I, Murakami G, Hayakawa H. 2020. Mission data processor aboard the BepiColombo Mio spacecraft: Design and scientific operation concept. Space Sci Rev, 216: 34
Kasahara S, Miyoshi Y, Yokota S, Mitani T, Kasahara Y, Matsuda S, Kumamoto A, Matsuoka A, Kazama Y, Frey H U, Angelopoulos V, Kurita S, Keika K, Seki K, Shinohara I. 2018. Pulsating aurora from electron scattering by chorus waves. Nature, 554: 337–340
Kasper J C, Abiad R, Austin G, Balat-Pichelin M, Bale S D, Belcher J W, Berg P, Bergner H, Berthomier M, Bookbinder J, Brodu E, Caldwell D, Case A W, Chandran B D G, Cheimets P, Cirtain J W, Cranmer S R, Curtis D W, Daigneau P, Dalton G, Dasgupta B, DeTomaso D, Diaz-Aguado M, Djordjevic B, Donaskowski B, Effinger M, Florinski V, Fox N, Freeman M, Gallagher D, Gary S P, Gauron T, Gates R, Goldstein M, Golub L, Gordon D A, Gurnee R, Guth G, Halekas J, Hatch K, Heerikuisen J, Ho G, Hu Q, Johnson G, Jordan S P, Korreck K E, Larson D, Lazarus A J, Li G, Livi R, Ludlam M, Maksimovic M, McFadden J P, Marchant W, Maruca B A, McComas D J, Messina L, Mercer T, Park S, Peddie A M, Pogorelov N, Reinhart M J, Richardson J D, Robinson M, Rosen I, Skoug R M, Slagle A, Steinberg J T, Stevens M L, Szabo A, Taylor E R, Tiu C, Turin P, Velli M, Webb G, Whittlesey P, Wright K, Wu S T, Zank G. 2016. Solar wind electrons alphas and protons (SWEAP) investigation: Design of the solar wind and coronal plasma instrument suite for solar probe plus. Space Sci Rev, 204: 131–186
Katsura T, Shimizu H, Momoki N, Toh H. 2021. Electromagnetic induction revealed by MESSENGER’s vector magnetic data: The size of Mercury’s core. Icarus, 354: 114112
Kavosi S, Raeder J. 2015. Ubiquity of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves at Earth’s magnetopause. Nat Commun, 6: 7019
Keesee A M, Buzulukova N, Goldstein J, McComas D J, Scime E E, Spence H, Fok M C, Tallaksen K. 2011. Remote observations of ion temperatures in the quiet time magnetosphere. Geophys Res Lett, 38: L03104
Keiling A, Marghitu O, Vogt J, Amm O, Bunescu C, Constantinescu V, Frey H, Hamrin M, Karlsson T, Nakamura R, Nilsson H, Semeter J, Sorbalo E. 2014. Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling of global Pi2 pulsations. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 119: 2717–2739
Keiling A, Rème H, Dandouras I, Bosqued J M, Sergeev V, Sauvaud J A, Jacquey C, Lavraud B, Louarn P, Moreau T, Vallat C, Escoubet C P, Parks G K, McCarthy M, Möbius E, Amata E, Klecker B, Korth A, Lundin R, Daly P, Zong Q G. 2004. New properties of energy-dispersed ions in the plasma sheet boundary layer observed by Cluster. J Geophys Res, 109: A05215
Kepko L, Glassmeier K H, Slavin J A, Sundberg T. 2015. Substorm Current Wedge at Earth and Mercury. In: Keiling A, Jackman C M, Delamere P A, eds. Magnetotails in the Solar System. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 361–372
Kepko L, Spence H E, Singer H J. 2002. ULF waves in the solar wind as direct drivers of magnetospheric pulsations. Geophys Res Lett, 29: 39–1–39–4
Killen R M, Burger M H, Vervack Jr R J, Cassidy T A. 2018. Understanding Mercury’s exosphere: Models derived from MESSENGER observations In: Anderson B J, Nittler L R, Solomon S C, eds. Mercury: The View after MESSENGER. Cambridge Planetary Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 407–429
Killen R M, Morgan T H. 1993. Diffusion of Na and K in the uppermost regolith of Mercury. J Geophys Res, 98: 23589–23601
Killen R M, Potter A, Fitzsimmons A, Morgan T H. 1999. Sodium D2 line profiles: Clues to the temperature structure of Mercury’s exosphere. Planet Space Sci, 47: 1449–1458
Killen R, Cremonese G, Lammer H, Orsini S, Potter A E, Sprague A L, Wurz P, Khodachenko M L, Lichtenegger H I M, Milillo A, Mura A. 2007. Processes that promote and deplete the exosphere of Mercury. Space Sci Rev, 132: 433–509
Kim E-H, Boardsen S A, Johnson J R, Slavin J A. 2016. ULF Waves at Mercury. In: Keiling A, Lee D H, Nakariakov V, eds. Low-Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas. Washington D C: American Geophysical Union. 323–341
Kivelson M G, Ridley A J. 2008. Saturation of the polar cap potential: Inference from Alfvén wing arguments. J Geophys Res, 113: A05214
Korth H, Anderson B J, Gershman D J, Raines J M, Slavin J A, Zurbuchen T H, Solomon S C, McNutt Jr R L. 2014. Plasma distribution in Mercury’s magnetosphere derived from MESSENGER magnetometer and fast imaging plasma spectrometer observations. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 119: 2917–2932
Korth H, Anderson B J, Johnson C L, Slavin J A, Raines J M, Zurbuchen T H. 2018. Structure and configuration of Mercury’s magnetosphere. In: Anderson B J, Nittler L R, Solomon S C, eds. Mercury: The View after MESSENGER. Cambridge Planetary Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 430–460
Kuo H, Russell C T, Le G. 1995. Statistical studies of flux transfer events. J Geophys Res, 100: 3513–3519
Lawrence D J, Anderson B J, Baker D N, Feldman W C, Ho G C, Korth H, McNutt Jr R L, Peplowski P N, Solomon S C, Starr R D, Vandegriff J D, Winslow R M. 2015. Comprehensive survey of energetic electron events in Mercury’s magnetosphere with data from the MESSENGER Gamma-Ray and neutron spectrometer. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 120: 2851–2876
Leblanc F, Doressoundiram A, Schneider N, Massetti S, Wedlund M, López Ariste A, Barbieri C, Mangano V, Cremonese G. 2009. Shortterm variations of Mercury’s Na exosphere observed with very high spectral resolution. Geophys Res Lett, 36: L07201
Leblanc F, Johnson R E. 2003. Mercury’s sodium exosphere. Icarus, 164: 261–281
Lee L C, Fu Z F. 1985. A theory of magnetic flux transfer at the Earth’s magnetopause. Geophys Res Lett, 12: 105–108
Lei W, Gendrin R, Higel B, Berchem J. 1981. Relationships between the solar wind electric field and the magnetospheric convection electric field. Geophys Res Lett, 8: 1099–1102
Lepping R P, Acuna M H, Burlaga L F, Farrell W M, Slavin J A, Schatten K H, Mariani F, Ness N F, Neubauer F M, Whang Y C, Byrnes J B, Kennon R S, Panetta P V, Scheifele J, Worley E M. 1995. The WIND magnetic field investigation. Space Sci Rev, 71: 207–229
Lepri S T, Zurbuchen T H. 2010. Direct observational evidence of filament material within interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Astrophys J, 723: L22–L27
Leyser R P, Imber S M, Milan S E, Slavin J A. 2017. The influence of IMF clock angle on dayside flux transfer events at Mercury. Geophys Res Lett, 44: 10,829–10,837
Liljeblad E, Karlsson T, Raines J M, Slavin J A, Kullen A, Sundberg T, Zurbuchen T H. 2015. MESSENGER observations of the dayside low-latitude boundary layer in Mercury’s magnetosphere. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 120: 8387–8400
Liljeblad E, Karlsson T, Sundberg T, Kullen A. 2016. Observations of magnetospheric ULF waves in connection with the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at Mercury. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 121: 8576–8588
Liljeblad E, Karlsson T. 2017. Investigation of ∼ 20–40 mHz ULF waves and their driving mechanisms in Mercury’s dayside magnetosphere. Ann Geophys, 35: 879–884
Liljeblad E, Sundberg T, Karlsson T, Kullen A. 2014. Statistical investigation of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves at the magnetopause of Mercury. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 119: 9670–9683
Lindsay S T, James M K, Bunce E J, Imber S M, Korth H, Martindale A, Yeoman T K. 2016. MESSENGER X-ray observations of magnetosphere-surface interaction on the nightside of Mercury. Planet Space Sci, 125: 72–79
Liu J, Angelopoulos V, Runov A, Zhou X Z. 2013. On the current sheets surrounding dipolarizing flux bundles in the magnetotail: The case for wedgelets. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 118: 2000–2020
Liu Y H, Li T C, Hesse M, Sun W J, Liu J, Burch J, Slavin J A, Huang K. 2019. Three-dimensional magnetic reconnection with a spatially confined X-line extent: Implications for dipolarizing flux bundles and the dawn-dusk asymmetry. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 124: 2819–2830
Lockwood M, Cowley S W H, Sandholt P E, Lepping R P. 1990. The ionospheric signatures of flux transfer events and solar wind dynamic pressure changes. J Geophys Res, 95: 17113–17135
Lockwood M, Cowley S W H, Smith M F, Rijnbeek R P, Elphic R C. 1995. The contribution of flux transfer events to convection. Geophys Res Lett, 22: 1185–1188
Loureiro N F, Schekochihin A A, Cowley S C. 2007. Instability of current sheets and formation of plasmoid chains. Phys Plasmas, 14: 100703
Lu S, Lu Q, Lin Y, Wang X, Ge Y, Wang R, Zhou M, Fu H, Huang C, Wu M, Wang S. 2015. Dipolarization fronts as earthward propagating flux ropes: A three-dimensional global hybrid simulation. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 120: 6286–6300
Luhmann J G, Kozyra J U. 1991. Dayside pickup oxygen ion precipitation at Venus and Mars: Spatial distributions, energy deposition and consequences. J Geophys Res, 96: 5457–5467
Lv X, Liu W L. 2018. Measurements of convection electric field in the inner magnetosphere. Sci China Tech Sci, 61: 1866–1871
Lyons L R, Speiser T W. 1982. Evidence for current sheet acceleration in the geomagnetic tail. J Geophys Res, 87: 2276–2286
Mangano V, Massetti S, Milillo A, Plainaki C, Orsini S, Rispoli R, Leblanc F. 2015. THEMIS Na exosphere observations of Mercury and their correlation with in-situ magnetic field measurements by MESSENGER. Planet Space Sci, 115: 102–109
Mangano V, Milillo A, Mura A, Orsini S, De Angelis E, Di Lellis A M, Wurz P. 2007. The contribution of impulsive meteoritic impact vapourization to the Hermean exosphere. Planet Space Sci, 55: 1541–1556
Manka R H. 1973. Plasma and potential at the Lunar surface. In: Grard R J L, ed. Photon and Particle Interactions with Surfaces in Space. 37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 347–361
Masson A, Nykyri K. 2018. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability: Lessons learned and ways forward. Space Sci Rev, 214: 71
Masters A. 2015. The dayside reconnection voltage applied to Saturn’s magnetosphere. Geophys Res Lett, 42: 2577–2585
McClintock W E, Lankton M R. 2007. The Mercury atmospheric and surface composition spectrometer for the MESSENGER mission. Space Sci Rev, 131: 481–521
McClintock W E, Vervack R J, Bradley E T, Killen R M, Mouawad N, Sprague A L, Burger M H, Solomon S C, Izenberg N R. 2009. MESSENGER Observations of Mercury’s exosphere: Detection of magnesium and distribution of constituents. Science, 324: 610
McGrath M A, Johnson R E, Lanzerotti L J. 1986. Sputtering of sodium on the planet Mercury. Nature, 323: 694–696
McLain J L, Sprague A L, Grieves G A, Schriver D, Travinicek P, Orlando T M. 2011. Electron-stimulated desorption of silicates: A potential source for ions in Mercury’s space environment. J Geophys Res, 116: E03007
Menietti J D, Shprits Y Y, Horne R B, Woodfield E E, Hospodarsky G B, Gurnett D A. 2012. Chorus, ECH, and Z mode emissions observed at Jupiter and Saturn and possible electron acceleration. J Geophys Res, 117: A12214
Milan S E, Cowley S W H, Lester M, Wright D M, Slavin J A, Fillingim M, Carlson C W, Singer H J. 2004. Response of the magnetotail to changes in the open flux content of the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res, 109: A04220
Milan S, Provan G, Hubert B. 2006. Magnetic flux transport in the dungey cycle: The role of sub-storms in flux closure. In: Syrjäsuo, Donovan, ed. the Eighth International Conference on Substorms (ICS-8), Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary. 187–190
Milillo A, Fujimoto M, Murakami G, Benkhoff J, Zender J, Aizawa S, Dósa M, Griton L, Heyner D, Ho G, Imber S M, Jia X, Karlsson T, Killen R M, Laurenza M, Lindsay S T, McKenna-Lawlor S, Mura A, Raines J M, Rothery D A, André N, Baumjohann W, Berezhnoy A, Bourdin P A, Bunce E J, Califano F, Deca J, de la Fuente S, Dong C, Grava C, Fatemi S, Henri P, Ivanovski S L, Jackson B V, James M, Kallio E, Kasaba Y, Kilpua E, Kobayashi M, Langlais B, Leblanc F, Lhotka C, Mangano V, Martindale A, Massetti S, Masters A, Morooka M, Narita Y, Oliveira J S, Odstrcil D, Orsini S, Pelizzo M G, Plainaki C, Plaschke F, Sahraoui F, Seki K, Slavin J A, Vainio R, Wurz P, Barabash S, Carr C M, Delcourt D, Glassmeier K H, Grande M, Hirahara M, Huovelin J, Korablev O, Kojima H, Lichtenegger H, Livi S, Matsuoka A, Moissl R, Moncuquet M, Muinonen K, Quèmerais E, Saito Y, Yagitani S, Yoshikawa I, Wahlund J E. 2020. Investigating Mercury’s environment with the two-spacecraft BepiColombo mission. Space Sci Rev, 216: 93
Möbius E, Hovestadt D, Klecker B, Scholer M, Gloeckler G, Ipavich F M. 1985. Direct observation of He+ pick-up ions of interstellar origin in the solar wind. Nature, 318: 426–429
Moore T W, Nykyri K, Dimmock A P. 2016. Cross-scale energy transport in space plasmas. Nat Phys, 12: 1164–1169
Moore T W, Nykyri K, Dimmock A P. 2017. Ion-scale wave properties and enhanced ion heating across the low-latitude boundary layer during Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 122: 11,128–11,153
Morgan T H, Zook H A, Potter A E. 1988. Impact-driven supply of sodium and potassium to the atmosphere of Mercury. Icarus, 75: 156–170
Mura A, Milillo A, Orsini S, Massetti S. 2007. Numerical and analytical model of Mercury’s exosphere: Dependence on surface and external conditions. Planet Space Sci, 55: 1569–1583
Murakami G, Hayakawa H, Ogawa H, Matsuda S, Seki T, Kasaba Y, Saito Y, Yoshikawa I, Kobayashi M, Baumjohann W, Matsuoka A, Kojima H, Yagitani S, Moncuquet M, Wahlund J E, Delcourt D, Hirahara M, Barabash S, Korablev O, Fujimoto M. 2020. Mio—First comprehensive exploration of Mercury’s space environment: Mission overview. Space Sci Rev, 216: 113
Nagai T, Shinohara I, Zenitani S, Nakamura R, Nakamura T K M, Fujimoto M, Saito Y, Mukai T. 2013. Three-dimensional structure of magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail from Geotail observations. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 118: 1667–1678
Ness N F, Behannon K W, Lepping R P, Whang Y C, Schatten K H. 1974. Magnetic field observations near Mercury: Preliminary results from Mariner 10. Science, 185: 151–160
Ness N F, Behannon K W, Lepping R P, Whang Y C. 1976. Observations of Mercury’s magnetic field. Icarus, 28: 479–488
Nichols J D, Cowley S W H, McComas D J. 2006. Magnetopause reconnection rate estimates for Jupiter’s magnetosphere based on interplanetary measurements at ∼5 AU. Ann Geophys, 24: 393–406
Nikoukar R, Lawrence D J, Peplowski P N, Dewey R M, Korth H, Baker D N, McNutt Jr R L. 2018. Statistical Study of Mercury’s energetic electron events as observed by the Gamma-Ray and neutron spectrometer instrument onboard MESSENGER. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 123: 4961–4978
Nishida A. 1966. Formation of plasmapause, or magnetospheric plasma knee, by the combined action of magnetospheric convection and plasma escape from the tail. J Geophys Res, 71: 5669–5679
Nykyri K, Otto A, Lavraud B, Mouikis C, Kistler L M, Balogh A, Rème H. 2006. Cluster observations of reconnection due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the dawnside magnetospheric flank. Ann Geophys, 24: 2619–2643
Nykyri K, Otto A. 2001. Plasma transport at the magnetospheric boundary due to reconnection in Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices. Geophys Res Lett, 28: 3565–3568
O’Brien T P, Thompson S M, McPherron R L. 2002. Steady magnetospheric convection: Statistical signatures in the solar wind and AE. Geophys Res Lett, 29: 1130
Odstrcil D, Pizzo V J, Linker J A, Riley P, Lionello R, Mikic Z. 2004. Initial coupling of coronal and heliospheric numerical magnetohydrodynamic codes. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys, 66: 1311–1320
Ogilvie K W, Chornay D J, Fritzenreiter R J, Hunsaker F, Keller J, Lobell J, Miller G, Scudder J D, Sittler E.-C. J., Torbert R B, Bodet D, Needell G, Lazarus A J, Steinberg J T, Tappan J H, Mavretic A, Gergin E. 1995. SWE, a comprehensive plasma instrument for the WIND spacecraft. Space Sci Rev, 71: 55–77
Orsini S, Livi S A, Lichtenegger H, Barabash S, Milillo A, De Angelis E, Phillips M, Laky G, Wieser M, Olivieri A, Plainaki C, Ho G, Killen R M, Slavin J A, Wurz P, Berthelier J J, Dandouras I, Kallio E, McKenna-Lawlor S, Szalai S, Torkar K, Vaisberg O, Allegrini F, Daglis I A, Dong C, Escoubet C P, Fatemi S, Fränz M, Ivanovski S, Krupp N, Lammer H, Leblanc F, Mangano V, Mura A, Nilsson H, Raines J M, Rispoli R, Sarantos M, Smith H T, Szego K, Aronica A, Camozzi F, Di Lellis A M, Fremuth G, Giner F, Gurnee R, Hayes J, Jeszenszky H, Tominetti F, Trantham B, Balaz J, Baumjohann W, Brienza D, Bührke U, Bush M D, Cantatore M, Cibella S, Colasanti L, Cremonese G, Cremonesi L, D’Alessandro M, Delcourt D, Delva M, Desai M, Fama M, Ferris M, Fischer H, Gaggero A, Gamborino D, Garnier P, Gibson W C, Goldstein R, Grande M, Grishin V, Haggerty D, Holmström M, Horvath I, Hsieh K C, Jacques A, Johnson R E, Kazakov A, Kecskemety K, Krüger H, Kürbisch C, Lazzarotto F, Leblanc F, Leichtfried M, Leoni R, Loose A, Maschietti D, Massetti S, Mattioli F, Miller G, Moissenko D, Morbidini A, Noschese R, Nuccilli F, Nunez C, Paschalidis N, Persyn S, Piazza D, Oja M, Ryno J, Schmidt W, Scheer J A, Shestakov A, Shuvalov S, Seki K, Selci S, Smith K, Sordini R, Svensson J, Szalai L, Toublanc D, Urdiales C, Varsani A, Vertolli N, Wallner R, Wahlstroem P, Wilson P, Zampieri S. 2021. SERENA: Particle instrument suite for determining the Sun-Mercury interaction from BepiColombo. Space Sci Rev, 217: 11
Orsini S, Mangano V, Milillo A, Plainaki C, Mura A, Raines J M, De Angelis E, Rispoli R, Lazzarotto F, Aronica A. 2018. Mercury sodium exospheric emission as a proxy for solar perturbations transit. Sci Rep, 8: 928
Pan D X, Sun W J, Shi Q Q, Tian A M, Yao Z H, Fu S Y, Zong Q G, Zhou X Z, Pu Z Y. 2016. THEMIS statistical study on the plasma properties of high-speed flows in Earth’s magnetotail. Sci China Earth Sci, 59: 548–555
Pan D X, Khotyaintsev Y V, Graham D B, Vaivads A, Zhou X Z, André M, Lindqvist P A, Ergun R E, Le C O, Russell C T, Torbert R B, Giles B, Burch J L. 2018. Rippled electron-scale structure of a dipolarization front. Geophys Res Lett, 45: 12,116–12,124
Park R S, Folkner W M, Williams J G, Boggs D H. 2021. The JPL planetary and lunar ephemerides DE440 and DE441. Astrono J, 161: 105
Partamies N, Pulkkinen T I, McPherron R L, McWilliams K, Bryant C R, Tanskanen E, Singer H J, Reeves G D, Thomsen M F. 2009. Statistical survey on sawtooth events, SMCs and isolated substorms. Adv Space Res, 44: 376–384
Paschmann G, Haerendel G, Papamastorakis I, Sckopke N, Bame S J, Gosling J T, Russell C T. 1982. Plasma and magnetic field characteristics of magnetic flux transfer events. J Geophys Res, 87: 2159–2168
Paschmann G, Papamastorakis I, Baumjohann W, Sckopke N, Carlson C W, Sonnerup B U Ö, Lühr H. 1986. The magnetopause for large magnetic shear: AMPTE/IRM observations. J Geophys Res, 91: 11099–11115
Peale S J. 1976. Does Mercury have a molten core? Nature, 262: 765–766
Perreault P, Akasofu S I. 1978. A study of geomagnetic storms. Geophys J Int, 54: 547–573
Pilcher C B, Ridgway S T, McCord T B. 1972. Galilean satellites: Identification of water frost. Science, 178: 1087–1089
Poh G, Slavin J A, Jia X, DiBraccio G A, Raines J M, Imber S M, Gershman D J, Sun W J, Anderson B J, Korth H, Zurbuchen T H, McNutt Jr R L, Solomon S C. 2016. MESSENGER observations of cusp plasma filaments at Mercury. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 121: 8260–8285
Poh G, Slavin J A, Jia X, Raines J M, Imber S M, Sun W J, Gershman D J, DiBraccio G A, Genestreti K J, Smith A W. 2017b. Mercury’s cross-tail current sheet: Structure, X-line location and stress balance. Geophys Res Lett, 44: 678–686
Poh G, Slavin J A, Jia X, Raines J M, Imber S M, Sun W J, Gershman D J, DiBraccio G A, Genestreti K J, Smith A W. 2017a. Coupling between Mercury and its nightside magnetosphere: Cross-tail current sheet asymmetry and substorm current wedge formation. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 122: 8419–8433
Poh G, Slavin J A, Jia X, Sun W J, Raines J M, Imber S M, DiBraccio G A, Gershman D J. 2018. Transport of mass and energy in Mercury’s plasma sheet. Geophys Res Lett, 45: 12,163–12,170
Poh G, Slavin J A, Lu S, Le G, Ozturk D S, Sun W J, Zou S, Eastwood J P, Nakamura R, Baumjohann W, Russell C T, Gershman D J, Giles B L, Pollock C J, Moore T E, Torbert R B, Burch J L. 2019. Dissipation of earthward propagating flux rope through Re-reconnection with geomagnetic Field: An MMS case study. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 124: 7477–7493
Pokorný P, Sarantos M, Janches D. 2017. Reconciling the dawn-dusk asymmetry in Mercury’s exosphere with the micrometeoroid impact directionality. Astrophys J, 842: L17
Potter A E, Killen R M, Sarantos M. 2006. Spatial distribution of sodium on Mercury. Icarus, 181: 1–12
Potter A E, Morgan T H. 1986. Potassium in the atmosphere of Mercury. Icarus, 67: 336–340
Potter A, Morgan T. 1985. Discovery of sodium in the atmosphere of Mercury. Science, 229: 651–653
Pritchett P L, Coroniti F V. 2010. A kinetic ballooning/interchange instability in the magnetotail. J Geophys Res, 115: A06301
Pritchett P L, Coroniti F V. 2013. Structure and consequences of the kinetic ballooning/interchange instability in the magnetotail. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 118: 146–159
Provan G, Yeoman T K, Milan S E. 1998. CUTLASS Finland radar observations of the ionospheric signatures of flux transfer events and the resulting plasma flows. Ann Geophys, 16: 1411–1422
Pu Z Y, Raeder J, Zhong J, Bogdanova Y V, Dunlop M, Xiao C J, Wang X G, Fazakerley A. 2013. Magnetic topologies of an in vivo FTE observed by Double Star/TC-1 at Earth’s magnetopause. Geophys Res Lett, 40: 3502–3506
Pu Z Y, Kivelson M G. 1983. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the magnetopause: Energy flux into the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res, 88: 853–862
Raeder J. 2006. Flux Transfer Events: 1. generation mechanism for strong southward IMF. Ann Geophys, 24: 381–392
Raines J M, DiBraccio G A, Cassidy T A, Delcourt D C, Fujimoto M, Jia X, Mangano V, Milillo A, Sarantos M, Slavin J A, Wurz P. 2015. Plasma sources in planetary magnetospheres: Mercury. Space Sci Rev, 192: 91–144
Raines J M, Gershman D J, Zurbuchen T H, Sarantos M, Slavin J A, Gilbert J A, Korth H, Anderson B J, Gloeckler G, Krimigis S M, Baker D N, McNutt Jr R L, Solomon S C. 2013. Distribution and compositional variations of plasma ions in Mercury’s space environment: The first three Mercury years of MESSENGER observations. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 118: 1604–1619
Raines J M, Slavin J A, Zurbuchen T H, Gloeckler G, Anderson B J, Baker D N, Korth H, Krimigis S M, McNutt Jr R L. 2011. MESSENGER observations of the plasma environment near Mercury. Planet Space Sci, 59: 2004–2015
Reiff P H, Spiro R W, Hill T W. 1981. Dependence of polar cap potential drop on interplanetary parameters. J Geophys Res, 86: 7639–7648
Rijnbeek R P, Cowley S W H, Southwood D J, Russell C T. 1984. A survey of dayside flux transfer events observed by ISEE 1 and 2 magnetometers. J Geophys Res, 89: 786–800
Rivoldini A, Van Hoolst T. 2013. The interior structure of Mercury constrained by the low-degree gravity field and the rotation of Mercury. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 377–378: 62–72
Rong Z J, Ding Y, Slavin J A, Zhong J, Poh G, Sun W J, Wei Y, Chai L H, Wan W X, Shen C. 2018. The magnetic field structure of Mercury’s magnetotail. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 123: 548–566
Rong Z J, Wan W X, Shen C, Li X, Dunlop M W, Petrukovich A A, Zhang T L, Lucek E. 2011. Statistical survey on the magnetic structure in magnetotail current sheets. J Geophys Res, 116: A09218
Rostoker G, Akasofu S I, Foster J, Greenwald R A, Kamide Y, Kawasaki K, Lui A T Y, McPherron R L, Russell C T. 1980. Magnetospheric substorms—Definition and signatures. J Geophys Res, 85: 1663–1668
Runov A, Angelopoulos V, Zhou X Z. 2012. Multipoint observations of dipolarization front formation by magnetotail reconnection. J Geophys Res, 117: A05230
Russell C T, Baker D N, Slavin J A. 1988. The magnetosphere of Mercury. In: Vilas F, Chapman C R, Matthews M S, eds. Mercury. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 514–561
Russell C T, Elphic R C. 1978. Initial ISEE magnetometer results: Magnetopause observations. Space Sci Rev, 22: 681–715
Russell C T, Elphic R C. 1979. Observation of magnetic flux ropes in the Venus ionosphere. Nature, 279: 616–618
Russell C T, Walker R J. 1985. Flux transfer events at Mercury. J Geophys Res, 90: 11067–11074
Ruzmaikin A, Sokoloff D, Shukurov A. 1989. The dynamo origin of magnetic fields in galaxy clusters. Mon Not R Astron Soc, 241: 1–14
Saito Y, Sauvaud J A, Hirahara M, Barabash S, Delcourt D, Takashima T, Asamura K. 2010. Scientific objectives and instrumentation of Mercury plasma particle experiment (MPPE) onboard MMO. Planet Space Sci, 58: 182–200
Salvail J R, Fanale F P. 1994. Near-surface ice on Mercury and the Moon: A topographic thermal model. Icarus, 111: 441–455
Sarantos M, Killen R M, Kim D. 2007. Predicting the long-term solar wind ion-sputtering source at Mercury. Planet Space Sci, 55: 1584–1595
Schmid D, Narita Y, Plaschke F, Volwerk M, Nakamura R, Baumjohann W. 2021. Pick-up ion cyclotron waves around Mercury. Geophys Res Lett, 48: e2021GL092606
Schmidt C A, Baumgardner J, Mendillo M, Wilson J K. 2012. Escape rates and variability constraints for high-energy sodium sources at Mercury. J Geophys Res, 117: A03301
Schriver D, Trávníček P M, Anderson B J, Ashour-Abdalla M, Baker D N, Benna M, Boardsen S A, Gold R E, Hellinger P, Ho G C, Korth H, Krimigis S M, McNutt Jr R L, Raines J M, Richard R L, Slavin J A, Solomon S C, Starr R D, Zurbuchen T H. 2011. Quasi-trapped ion and electron populations at Mercury. Geophys Res Lett, 38: L23103
Scurry L, Russell C T, Gosling J T. 1994. Geomagnetic activity and the beta dependence of the dayside reconnection rate. J Geophys Res, 99: 14811–14814
Shabansky V P. 1971. Some processes in the magnetosphere. Space Sci Rev, 12: 299–418
Shiokawa K, Baumjohann W, Haerendel G. 1997. Braking of high-speed flows in the near-Earth tail. Geophys Res Lett, 24: 1179–1182
Shue J H, Song P, Russell C T, Steinberg J T, Chao J K, Zastenker G, Vaisberg O L, Kokubun S, Singer H J, Detman T R, Kawano H. 1998. Magnetopause location under extreme solar wind conditions. J Geophys Res, 103: 17691–17700
Sibeck D G, Lopez R E, Roelof E C. 1991. Solar wind control of the magnetopause shape, location, and motion. J Geophys Res, 96: 5489–5495
Sigmund P. 1969. Theory of sputtering. I. Sputtering yield of amorphous and polycrystalline targets. Phys Rev, 184: 383–416
Siscoe G L, Huang T S. 1985. Polar cap inflation and deflation. J Geophys Res, 90: 543–547
Siscoe G L, Ness N F, Yeates C M. 1975. Substorms on Mercury? J Geophys Res, 80: 4359–4363
Sitnov M I, Swisdak M, Divin A V. 2009. Dipolarization fronts as a signature of transient reconnection in the magnetotail. J Geophys Res, 114: A04202
Skoug R M, Bame S J, Feldman W C, Gosling J T, McComas D J, Steinberg J T, Tokar R L, Riley P, Burlaga L F, Ness N F, Smith C W. 1999. A prolonged He+ enhancement within a coronal mass ejection in the solar wind. Geophys Res Lett, 26: 161–164
Slavin J A, Acuña M H, Anderson B J, Baker D N, Benna M, Boardsen S A, Gloeckler G, Gold R E, Ho G C, Korth H, Krimigis S M, McNutt R L, Raines J M, Sarantos M, Schriver D, Solomon S C, Trávnícek P, Zurbuchen T H. 2009. MESSENGER observations of magnetic re-connection in Mercury’s magnetosphere. Science, 324: 606–610
Slavin J A, Acuña M H, Anderson B J, Baker D N, Benna M, Gloeckler G, Gold R E, Ho G C, Killen R M, Korth H, Krimigis S M, McNutt R L, Nittler L R, Raines J M, Schriver D, Solomon S C, Starr R D, Trávnícek P, Zurbuchen T H. 2008. Mercury’s magnetosphere after MESSENGER’s first flyby. Science, 321: 85–89
Slavin J A, Anderson B J, Baker D N, Benna M, Boardsen S A, Gloeckler G, Gold R E, Ho G C, Korth H, Krimigis S M, McNutt R L, Nittler L R, Raines J M, Sarantos M, Schriver D, Solomon S C, Starr R D, Trávnícek P M, Zurbuchen T H. 2010a. MESSENGER observations of extreme loading and unloading of Mercury’s magnetic tail. Science, 329: 665–668
Slavin J A, Anderson B J, Baker D N, Benna M, Boardsen S A, Gold R E, Ho G C, Imber S M, Korth H, Krimigis S M, McNutt Jr R L, Raines J M, Sarantos M, Schriver D, Solomon S C, Trávníček P, Zurbuchen T H. 2012a. MESSENGER and Mariner 10 flyby observations of magnetotail structure and dynamics at Mercury. J Geophys Res, 117: A01215
Slavin J A, Baker D N, Gershman D J, Ho G C, Imber S M, Krimigis S M, Sundberg T. 2018. Mercury’s dynamic magnetosphere. In: Anderson B J, Nittler L R, Solomon S C, eds. Mercury: The View after MESSENGER. Cambridge Planetary Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 461–496
Slavin J A, DiBraccio G A, Gershman D J, Imber S M, Poh G K, Raines J M, Zurbuchen T H, Jia X, Baker D N, Glassmeier K H, Livi S A, Boardsen S A, Cassidy T A, Sarantos M, Sundberg T, Masters A, Johnson C L, Winslow R M, Anderson B J, Korth H, McNutt Jr R L, Solomon S C. 2014. MESSENGER observations of Mercury’s dayside magnetosphere under extreme solar wind conditions. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 119: 8087–8116
Slavin J A, Holzer R E. 1979. The effect of erosion on the solar wind standoff distance at Mercury. J Geophys Res, 84: 2076–2082
Slavin J A, Holzer R E. 1981. Solar wind flow about the terrestrial planets 1. Modeling bow shock position and shape. J Geophys Res, 86: 11401–11418
Slavin J A, Imber S M, Boardsen S A, DiBraccio G A, Sundberg T, Sarantos M, Nieves-Chinchilla T, Szabo A, Anderson B J, Korth H, Zurbuchen T H, Raines J M, Johnson C L, Winslow R M, Killen R M, McNutt Ralph L. J, Solomon S C. 2012b. MESSENGER observations of a flux-transfer-event shower at Mercury. J Geophys Res, 117: A00M06
Slavin J A, Imber S M, Raines J M. 2021. A dungey cycle in the life of Mercury’s magnetosphere. In: Maggiolo R N A, Hasegawa H, Welling D T, Zhang Y, Paxton L J, eds. Magnetospheres in the Solar System. Hoboken, N J: The American Geophysical Union and John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 535–556
Slavin J A, Lepping R P, Gjerloev J, Fairfield D H, Hesse M, Owen C J, Moldwin M B, Nagai T, Ieda A, Mukai T. 2003. Geotail observations of magnetic flux ropes in the plasma sheet. J Geophys Res, 108: 10
Slavin J A, Lepping R P, Wu C C, Anderson B J, Baker D N, Benna M, Boardsen S A, Killen R M, Korth H, Krimigis S M, McClintock W E, McNutt Jr R L, Sarantos M, Schriver D, Solomon S C, Trávníček P, Zurbuchen T H. 2010b. MESSENGER observations of large flux transfer events at Mercury. Geophys Res Lett, 37: L02105
Slavin J A, Middleton H R, Raines J M, Jia X, Zhong J, Sun W J, Livi S, Imber S M, Poh G K, Akhavan-Tafti M, Jasinski J M, DiBraccio G A, Dong C, Dewey R M, Mays M L. 2019. MESSENGER observations of disappearing dayside magnetosphere events at Mercury. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 124: 6613–6635
Slavin J A, Owen J C J, Connerney J E P, Christon S P. 1997. Mariner 10 observations of field-aligned currents at Mercury. Planet Space Sci, 45: 133–141
Slavin J A, Tanskanen E I, Hesse M, Owen C J, Dunlop M W, Imber S, Lucek E A, Balogh A, Glassmeier K H. 2005. Cluster observations of traveling compression regions in the near-tail. J Geophys Res, 110: A06207
Slavin J A. 2004. Mercury’s magnetosphere. Adv Space Res, 33: 1859–1874
Smith A W, Jackman C M, Frohmaier C M, Coxon J C, Slavin J A, Fear R C. 2018b. Evaluating single spacecraft observations of planetary magnetotails with simple monte carlo simulations: 1. Spatial distributions of the neutral line. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 123: 10,109–10,123
Smith A W, Jackman C M, Frohmaier C M, Fear R C, Slavin J A, Coxon J C. 2018a. Evaluating single spacecraft observations of planetary magnetotails with simple monte carlo simulations: 2. Magnetic flux rope signature selection effects. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 123: 10,124–10,138
Smith A W, Slavin J A, Jackman C M, Fear R C, Poh G K, DiBraccio G A, Jasinski J M, Trenchi L. 2017a. Automated force-free flux rope identification. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 122: 780–791
Smith A W, Slavin J A, Jackman C M, Poh G K, Fear R C. 2017b. Flux ropes in the Hermean magnetotail: Distribution, properties, and formation. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 122: 8136–8153
Solomon S C, Anderson B J. 2018. The MESSENGER mission: Science and implementation overview. In: Anderson B J, Nittler L R, Solomon S C, eds. Mercury: The View after MESSENGER. Cambridge Planetary Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1–29
Sonnerup B U O, Paschmann G, Papamastorakis I, Sckopke N, Haerendel G, Bame S J, Asbridge J R, Gosling J T, Russell C T. 1981. Evidence for magnetic field reconnection at the Earth’s magnetopause. J Geophys Res, 86: 10049–10067
Sonnerup B U Ö. 1974. Magnetopause reconnection rate. J Geophys Res, 79: 1546–1549
Sonnerup B U Ö. 1979. Magnetic Field Reconnection, Space Plasma Physics: The Study of Solar System Plasmas. Washington D C: National Academy of Sciences. 879–972
Spence H E, Kivelson M G. 1993. Contributions of the low-latitude boundary layer to the finite width magnetotail convection model. J Geophys Res, 98: 15487–15496
Sprague A L. 1990. A diffusion source for sodium and potassium in the atmospheres of Mercury and the Moon. Icarus, 84: 93–105
Starr R D, Schriver D, Nittler L R, Weider S Z, Byrne P K, Ho G C, Rhodes E A, Schlemm II C E, Solomon S C, Trávníček P M. 2012. MESSENGER detection of electron-induced X-ray fluorescence from Mercury’s surface. J Geohys Res-Planets, 117: E00L02, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004118
Suess S T, Goldstein B E. 1979. Compression of the Hermaean magnetosphere by the solar wind. J Geophys Res, 84: 3306–3312
Sun W J, Fu S Y, Slavin J A, Raines J M, Zong Q G, Poh G K, Zurbuchen T H. 2016. Spatial distribution of Mercury’s flux ropes and reconnection fronts: MESSENGER observations. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 121: 7590–7607
Sun W J, Fu S Y, Wei Y, Yao Z H, Rong Z J, Zhou X Z, Slavin J A, Wan W X, Zong Q G, Pu Z Y, Shi Q Q, Shen X C. 2017a. Plasma sheet pressure variations in the near-earth magnetotail during substorm growth phase: THEMIS observations. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 122: 12,212–12,228
Sun W J, Raines J M, Fu S Y, Slavin J A, Wei Y, Poh G K, Pu Z Y, Yao Z H, Zong Q G, Wan W X. 2017b. MESSENGER observations of the energization and heating of protons in the near-Mercury magnetotail. Geophys Res Lett, 44: 8149–8158
Sun W J, Slavin J A, Dewey R M, Chen Y, DiBraccio G A, Raines J M, Jasinski J M, Jia X, Akhavan-Tafti M. 2020b. MESSENGER observations of Mercury’s nightside magnetosphere under extreme solar wind conditions: Reconnection-generated structures and steady convection. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 125: e27490
Sun W J, Slavin J A, Dewey R M, Raines J M, Fu S Y, Wei Y, Karlsson T, Poh G K, Jia X, Gershman D J, Zong Q G, Wan W X, Shi Q Q, Pu Z Y, Zhao D. 2018. A comparative study of the proton properties of magnetospheric substorms at Earth and Mercury in the near magnetotail. Geophys Res Lett, 45: 7933–7941
Sun W J, Slavin J A, Fu S, Raines J M, Zong Q G, Imber S M, Shi Q, Yao Z, Poh G, Gershman D J, Pu Z, Sundberg T, Anderson B J, Korth H, Baker D N. 2015b. MESSENGER observations of magnetospheric substorm activity in Mercury’s near magnetotail. Geophys Res Lett, 42: 3692–3699
Sun W J, Slavin J A, Smith A W, Dewey R M, Poh G K, Jia X, Raines J M, Livi S, Saito Y, Gershman D J, DiBraccio G A, Imber S M, Guo J P, Fu S Y, Zong Q G, Zhao J T. 2020a. Flux transfer event showers at Mercury: Dependence on plasma β and magnetic shear and their contribution to the dungey cycle. Geophys Res Lett, 47: e89784
Sun W J, Slavin J A, Tian A M, Bai S C, Poh G K, Akhavan-Tafti M, Lu S, Yao S T, Le G, Nakamura R, Giles B L, Burch J L. 2019. MMS study of the structure of ion-scale flux ropes in the Earth’s cross-tail current sheet. Geophys Res Lett, 46: 6168–6177
Sun W J, Slavin J A, Fu S, Raines J M, Sundberg T, Zong Q G, Jia X, Shi Q, Shen X, Poh G, Pu Z, Zurbuchen T H. 2015a. MESSENGER observations of Alfvénic and compressional waves during Mercury’s substorms. Geophys Res Lett, 42: 6189–6198
Sundberg T, Boardsen S A, Slavin J A, Anderson B J, Korth H, Zurbuchen T H, Raines J M, Solomon S C. 2012. MESSENGER orbital observations of large-amplitude Kelvin-Helmholtz waves at Mercury’s magnetopause. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 117(A4), doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017268
Sundberg T, Boardsen S A, Slavin J A, Blomberg L G, Cumnock J A, Solomon S C, Anderson B J, Korth H. 2011. Reconstruction of propagating Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices at Mercury’s magnetopause. Planet Space Sci, 59: 2051–2057
Sundberg T, Slavin J A. 2015. Mercury’s magnetotail. In: Keiling A, Jackman C M, Delamere P A, eds. Magnetotails in the Solar System. Washington D C: The American Geophysical Union and John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 21–42
Swisdak M, Opher M, Drake J F, Alouani Bibi F. 2010. The vector direction of the intersterllar magnetic field outside the heliosphere. Astrophys J, 710: 1769–1775
Takahashi F, Matsushima M. 2006. Dipolar and non-dipolar dynamos in a thin shell geometry with implications for the magnetic field of Mercury. Geophys Res Lett, 33: L10202
Tao X, Zonca F, Chen L, Wu Y. 2020. Theoretical and numerical studies of chorus waves: A review. Sci China Earth Sci, 63: 78–92
Taylor G J, Scott E R D. 2005. Mercury. In: Davis A M, ed. Meteorites, Comets, and Planets. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 477–486
Thorne R M, Li W, Ni B, Ma Q, Bortnik J, Chen L, Baker D N, Spence H E, Reeves G D, Henderson M G, Kletzing C A, Kurth W S, Hospodarsky G B, Blake J B, Fennell J F, Claudepierre S G, Kanekal S G. 2013. Rapid local acceleration of relativistic radiation-belt electrons by magnetospheric chorus. Nature, 504: 411–414
Thorne R M, Ni B, Tao X, Horne R B, Meredith N P. 2010. Scattering by chorus waves as the dominant cause of diffuse auroral precipitation. Nature, 467: 943–946
Tóth G, Odstrčil D. 1996. Comparison of some flux corrected transport and total variation diminishing numerical schemes for hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic problems. J Comput Phys, 128: 82–100
Trávníček P M, Schriver D, Hellinger P, Herčík D, Anderson B J, Sarantos M, Slavin J A. 2010. Mercury’s magnetosphere-solar wind interaction for northward and southward interplanetary magnetic field: Hybrid simulation results. Icarus, 209: 11–22
Tsurutani B T, Smith E J. 1974. Postmidnight chorus: A substorm phenomenon. J Geophys Res, 79: 118–127
van Eyken A P, Rishbeth H, Willis D M, Cowley S W H. 1984. Initial EISCAT observations of plasma convection at invariant latitudes 70°–77°. J Atmos Terrestrial Phys, 46: 635–641
Verhoeven O, Tarits P, Vacher P, Rivoldini A, Van Hoolst T. 2009. Composition and formation of Mercury: Constraints from future electrical conductivity measurements. Planet Space Sci, 57: 296–305
Vervack Jr R J, Killen R M, McClintock W E, Merkel A W, Burger M H, Cassidy T A, Sarantos M. 2016. New discoveries from MESSENGER and insights into Mercury’s exosphere. Geophys Res Lett, 43: 11,545–11,551
Vignes D, Acuña M H, Connerney J E P, Crider D H, Rème H, Mazelle C. 2004. Magnetic flux ropes in the martian atmosphere: Global characteristics. In: Winterhalter D, Acuña M, Zakharov A, eds. Mars’ Magnetism and Its Interaction with the Solar Wind. 18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 223–231
Wagner J S, Kan J R, Akasofu S I. 1979. Particle dynamics in the plasma sheet. J Geophys Res, 84: 891–897
Walker R J, Russell C T. 1985. Flux transfer events at the Jovian magnetopause. J Geophys Res, 90: 7397–7404
Walsh A P, Haaland S, Forsyth C, Keesee A M, Kissinger J, Li K, Runov A, Soucek J, Walsh B M, Wing S, Taylor M G G T. 2014. Dawn-dusk asymmetries in the coupled solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system: A review. Ann Geophys, 32: 705–737
Walsh B M, Ryou A S, Sibeck D G, Alexeev I I. 2013. Energetic particle dynamics in Mercury’s magnetosphere. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 118: 1992–1999
Wang C P, Lyons L R, Weygand J M, Nagai T, McEntire R W. 2006. Equatorial distributions of the plasma sheet ions, their electric and magnetic drifts, and magnetic fields under different interplanetary magnetic field Bz conditions. J Geophys Res, 111: A04215
Wardinski I, Langlais B, Thébault E. 2019. Correlated time-varying magnetic fields and the core size of Mercury. J Geophys Res-Planets, 124: 2178–2197
Wei Y, Pu Z, Hong M, Zong Q, Ren Z, Fu S, Xie L, Alex S, Cao X, Wang J, Chu X. 2009. Westward ionospheric electric field perturbations on the dayside associated with substorm processes. J Geophys Res, 114: A12209
Wei Y, Zhao B, Li G, Wan W. 2015. Electric field penetration into Earth’s ionosphere: A brief review for 2000–2013. Sci Bull, 60: 748–761
West Jr H I, Buck R M, Kivelson M G. 1978a. On the configuration of the magnetotail near midnight during quiet and weakly disturbed periods: State of the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res, 83: 3805–3818
West Jr H I, Buck R M, Kivelson M G. 1978b. On the configuration of the magnetotail near midnight during quiet and weakly disturbed periods: Magnetic field modeling. J Geophys Res, 83: 3819–3831
Wing S, Johnson J R, Newell P T, Meng C I. 2005. Dawn-dusk asymmetries, ion spectra, and sources in the northward interplanetary magnetic field plasma sheet. J Geophys Res, 110: A08205
Winslow R M, Anderson B J, Johnson C L, Slavin J A, Korth H, Purucker M E, Baker D N, Solomon S C. 2013. Mercury’s magnetopause and bow shock from MESSENGER Magnetometer observations. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 118: 2213–2227
Winslow R M, Johnson C L, Anderson B J, Gershman D J, Raines J M, Lillis R J, Korth H, Slavin J A, Solomon S C, Zurbuchen T H, Zuber M T. 2014. Mercury’s surface magnetic field determined from proton-reflection magnetometry. Geophys Res Lett, 41: 4463–4470
Winslow R M, Johnson C L, Anderson B J, Korth H, Slavin J A, Purucker M E, Solomon S C. 2012. Observations of Mercury’s northern cusp region with MESSENGER’s Magnetometer. Geophys Res Lett, 39: L08112, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051472
Winslow R M, Lugaz N, Philpott L, Farrugia C J, Johnson C L, Anderson B J, Paty C S, Schwadron N A, Asad M A. 2020. Observations of extreme ICME ram pressure compressing Mercury’s dayside magnetosphere to the surface. Astrophys J, 889: 184
Wurz P, Whitby J A, Rohner U, Martín-Fernández J A, Lammer H, Kolb C. 2010. Self-consistent modelling of Mercury’s exosphere by sputtering, micro-meteorite impact and photon-stimulated desorption. Planet Space Sci, 58: 1599–1616
Wygant J R, Torbert R B, Mozer F S. 1983. Comparison of S3–3 polar cap potential drops with the interplanetary magnetic field and models of magnetopause reconnection. J Geophys Res, 88: 5727–5735
Xie L, Lee L C. 2019. A new mechanism for the field line twisting in the ionospheric magnetic flux rope. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 124: 3266–3275
Yagi M, Seki K, Matsumoto Y, Delcourt D C, Leblanc F. 2017. Global structure and sodium ion dynamics in Mercury’s magnetosphere with the offset dipole. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 122: 10,990–11,002
Yagitani S, Ozaki M, Sahraoui F, Mirioni L, Mansour M, Chanteur G, Coillot C, Ruocco S, Leray V, Hikishima M, Alison D, Le Contel O, Kojima H, Kasahara Y, Kasaba Y, Sasaki T, Yumoto T, Takeuchi Y. 2020. Measurements of magnetic field fluctuations for plasma wave investigation by the search coil magnetometers (SCM) onboard Bepicolombo Mio (Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter). Space Sci Rev, 216: 111
Yakshinskiy B V, Madey T E. 1999. Photon-stimulated desorption as a substantial source of sodium in the lunar atmosphere. Nature, 400: 642–644
Yakshinskiy B V, Madey T E. 2000. Desorption induced by electronic transitions of Na from SiO2: Relevance to tenuous planetary atmospheres. Surf Sci, 451: 160–165
Yakshinskiy B V, Madey T E. 2004. Photon-stimulated desorption of Na from a lunar sample: Temperature-dependent effects. Icarus, 168: 53–59
Yan G Q, Mozer F S, Shen C, Chen T, Parks G K, Cai C L, McFadden J P. 2014. Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices observed by THEMIS at the duskside of the magnetopause under southward interplanetary magnetic field. Geophys Res Lett, 41: 4427–4434
Zebker H A, Stiles B, Hensley S, Lorenz R, Kirk R L, Lunine J. 2009. Size and shape of Saturn’s Moon Titan. Science, 324: 921–923
Zelenyi L, Oka M, Malova H, Fujimoto M, Delcourt D, Baumjohann W. 2007. Particle acceleration in Mercury’s magnetosphere. Space Sci Rev, 132: 593–609
Zhang B, Brambles O J, Lotko W, Lyon J G. 2020. Is nightside outflow required to induce magnetospheric sawtooth oscillations. Geophys Res Lett, 47: e86419
Zhang H, Khurana K K, Kivelson M G, Angelopoulos V, Pu Z Y, Zong Q G, Liu J, Zhou X Z. 2008. Modeling a force-free flux transfer event probed by multiple Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft. J Geophys Res, 113: A00C05
Zhang Q H, Lockwood M, Foster J C, Zhang S R, Zhang B C, McCrea I W, Moen J, Lester M, Ruohoniemi J M. 2015. Direct observations of the full Dungey convection cycle in the polar ionosphere for southward interplanetary magnetic field conditions. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 120: 4519–4530
Zhang T L, Lu Q M, Baumjohann W, Russell C T, Fedorov A, Barabash S, Coates A J, Du A M, Cao J B, Nakamura R, Teh W L, Wang R S, Dou X K, Wang S, Glassmeier K H, Auster H U, Balikhin M. 2012. Magnetic reconnection in the near venusian magnetotail. Science, 336: 567–570
Zhao J T, Sun W J, Zong Q G, Slavin J A, Zhou X Z, Dewey R M, Poh G K, Raines J M. 2019. A statistical study of the force balance and structure in the flux ropes in Mercury’s magnetotail. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 124: 5143–5157
Zhao J T, Zong Q G, Slavin J A, Sun W J, Zhou X Z, Yue C, Raines J M, Ip W H. 2020. Proton properties in Mercury’s magnetotail: A statistical study. Geophys Res Lett, 47: e88075
Zhong J, Lee L C, Wang X G, Pu Z Y, He J S, Wei Y, Wan W X. 2020a. Multiple X-line reconnection observed in Mercury’s magnetotail driven by an interplanetary coronal mass ejection. Astrophys J, 893: L11
Zhong J, Pu Z Y, Dunlop M W, Bogdanova Y V, Wang X G, Xiao C J, Guo R L, Hasegawa H, Raeder J, Zhou X Z, Angelopoulos V, Zong Q G, Fu S Y, Xie L, Taylor M G G T, Shen C, Berchem J, Zhang Q H, Volwerk M, Eastwood J P. 2013. Three-dimensional magnetic flux rope structure formed by multiple sequential X-line reconnection at the magnetopause. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 118: 1904–1911
Zhong J, Wan W X, Slavin J A, Wei Y, Lin R L, Chai L H, Raines J M, Rong Z J, Han X H. 2015a. Mercury’s three-dimensional asymmetric magnetopause. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 120: 7658–7671
Zhong J, Wan W X, Wei Y, Slavin J A, Raines J M, Rong Z J, Chai L H, Han X H. 2015b. Compressibility of Mercury’s dayside magnetosphere. Geophys Res Lett, 42: 10,135–10,139
Zhong J, Wei Y, Lee L C, He J S, Slavin J A, Pu Z Y, Zhang H, Wang X G, Wan W X. 2020b. Formation of macroscale flux transfer events at Mercury. Astrophys J, 893: L18
Zhou X, Büchner J, Widmer F, Muñoz P A. 2018. Electron acceleration by turbulent plasmoid reconnection. Phys Plasmas, 25: 042904
Zong Q G, Zhou X Z, Li X, Song P, Fu S Y, Baker D N, Pu Z Y, Fritz T A, Daly P, Balogh A, Réme H. 2007. Ultralow frequency modulation of energetic particles in the dayside magnetosphere. Geophys Res Lett, 34: L12105
Zurbuchen T H, Raines J M, Gloeckler G, Krimigis S M, Slavin J A, Koehn P L, Killen R M, Sprague A L, McNutt R L, Solomon S C. 2008. MESSENGER observations of the composition of Mercury’s ionized exosphere and plasma environment. Science, 321: 90–92
Zurbuchen T H, Raines J M, Slavin J A, Gershman D J, Gilbert J A, Gloeckler G, Anderson B J, Baker D N, Korth H, Krimigis S M, Sarantos M, Schriver D, McNutt R L, Solomon S C. 2011. MESSENGER observations of the spatial distribution of planetary ions near Mercury. Science, 333: 1862–1865
Acknowledgements
In this review, Weijie SUN designs the whole project. Weijie SUN drafts Chapter one, Chapter two, Chapter three, and Chapter six. Ryan DEWEY drafts Chapter four. Sae AIZAWA drafts Chapter five. Jia HUANG provides Figures 2 and 3 and writes the paragraphs in Chapter 1.1 about the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) and the Wind spacecraft. James SLAVIN provides comments and suggestions on the structure of the paper. All authors discussed and improved the manuscript. The authors are grateful to the scientific editor for the invitation to write this review. We acknowledge the NASA Parker Solar Probe Mission and the SWEAP team led by Dr. Justin KASPER and the FIELDS team led by Dr. Stuart D. BALE for use of data. We appreciate Dr. Justin KASPER and Dr. Ben ALTERMAN for processing the Wind/SWE data, and Dr. R. LEPPING for providing the Wind/MFI data. Weijie SUN thanks Dr. Jim RAINES (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), Dr. Xianzhe JIA (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), Dr. Gangkai POH (NASA/GSFC), Mr. Jiu-Tong ZHAO (Peking University), Dr. Jun ZHONG (Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Dr. Yi-Hsin LIU (Dartmouth College) and Dr. Dominique DEL-COURT (Ecole Polytechnique-CNRS-UPMC, France) for providing and agreeing for using the high-resolution figures in their papers. Weijie SUN and James A. SLAVIN were supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant Nos. 80NSSC18K1137, 80NSSC21K0052). S AIZAWA acknowledges the support of CNES for the BepiColombo mission.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Sun, W., Dewey, R.M., Aizawa, S. et al. Review of Mercury’s dynamic magnetosphere: Post-MESSENGER era and comparative magnetospheres. Sci. China Earth Sci. 65, 25–74 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-021-9828-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-021-9828-0