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High-resolution crustal velocity structure in the Shanxi rift zone and its tectonic implications

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Abstract

The Shanxi rift zone, located in the Trans-North China Orogen (TNCO) of the North China Craton (NCC), is wellknown for hosting large intraplate earthquakes in continental China. The TNCO is a suture zone formed by the amalgamation of the eastern and the western blocks of the NCC. After its formation, it was reactived and deformed by later tectonic activities, which result in complex lithospheric heterogeneities. Thus, the detailed crustal structure of the Shanxi rift zone is critical for understanding the tectonics and seismogenic mechanism in this area, which will shed new lights on the formation and dynamic evolution of the NCC. In this study, we applied ambient noise tomography based on 18 months continuous records from 108 seismic stations located in Shanxi and its surroundings, in order to constrain its detailed crustal structure. We measured 4437 Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curves in the period of 5–45 s from the cross-correlation functions. Next, a surface wave direct inversion algorithm based on surface-wave ray tracing was used to resolve a 3-D S-wave velocity model in the upper 60 km with lateral resolution of ∼50–80 km. The tomographic images show that the sedimentary thickness of the Taiyuan Basin is less than 5 km. At depth of 0–10 km, we observe a good correlation between the imaged structural variations with geological and topographic features at the surface. For example, the center of rift shows low-velocity anomalies and the uplifting areas on both sides are characterized by high velocity anomalies. The western and eastern boundaries of the slow materials coincide with the faults that control the basin. The slow material extends from the shallow surface to depth of about 15 km but it getting smaller in shape at deeper depth. For the Taiyuan Basin, Linfen Basin, and Yuncheng Basin in the central and southern parts, the structure is dominant by slow materials in the upper crust but changes to strong high-velocity anomalies in the lower crust and the uppermost mantle at depth deeper than 25 km. We interprete these high-velocity anomalies to be associated with the cold remnant of the underplated basalt in the lower crust that were formed in early Tertiary before the basin was stretched. We also observe the low-velocity anomaly beneath the Datong volcanic area, which extends from the uppermost mantle to a depth of 20 km vertically and migrates from west to east laterally. It may reflect the upwelling channel of the magmatic material in Datong. Moreover, the strong low-velocity anomalies presented north of 38°N could be related to the heated crustal materials with paritial melting as a result of the intensive magmatic activities of the Datong Volcano since the Cenozoic. In our study region, seismicity mainly concentrates in the depth range of 5–20 km and we find that most earthquakes appear to occur in places where velocity changes from high to low rapidly, with slight higher concentration in the faster material areas. In summary, our high-resolution 3-D crustal velocity model provides important seismological constraints to understand the tectonic evolution and seismicity across the Shanxi rift zone.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the two anomanous reviewers and the editorial board for their constructive comments and suggestions that help to improve the manuscript. Waveform data were provided by the China Seismic Array Data Center of the Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration. We are very thankful to Dr. Ling CHEN at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences for her insightful comments and helpful suggestions. We also appreciate great help from Ping ZHANG at Australian National University for proofreading and revising this manuscript. This work was supported by the Earthquake Science and Technology Spark Project of China Earthquake Administration (Grant No. XH20009Y), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41790464, 41574034, 41704040) and the LU JIAXI International Team Program supported by the KC Wong Education Foundation and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. GJTD-2018-12). The 3-D velocity model obtained in this study can be found as the supplementary file SXChinaVs_2020.txt. The Vp and density models are obtained from the Vs model based on the empirical formulas (Brocher, 2005).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shanxi Earthquake Administration, Taiyuan, 030021, China

    Liting Dou, Meiqin Song, Xiaomei Yan & Cheng Cheng

  2. Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Liting Dou, Huajian Yao & Song Luo

  3. Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory, University of Science and Technology of China, Mengcheng, 233500, China

    Huajian Yao

  4. CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Huajian Yao

  5. Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, 100081, China

    Lihua Fang

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  1. Liting Dou
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Dou, L., Yao, H., Fang, L. et al. High-resolution crustal velocity structure in the Shanxi rift zone and its tectonic implications. Sci. China Earth Sci. 64, 728–743 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9710-x

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