Abstract
Purpose
Viruses are the largest genetic repository and most diverse host-associated replicating organisms in a wide range of ecosystems in the entire biosphere. Although playing crucial roles in numerous processes such as nutrient cycles, viral shunt, and population control within marine ecosystems, viral communities continue to be the least explored biological entities, particularly in extreme marine habitats. Therefore, details about the viral diversity and their metabolic potential from Arctic sediments has great importance.
Methods
Sediment samples were collected from two Arctic fjords, Kongsfjorden and Krossfjorden, in Svalbard. Viral nucleic acids were extracted from both fjord sediments after a pre-processing step. Illumina Novaseq based shotgun sequencing was performed and bioinformatic analysis was done to explore viral communities and their functional potential.
Results
An array of DNA and RNA viruses especially bacteriophages along with viruses infecting algae, plants, molluscs, shrimps, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, humans, and other mammals were detected from both fjords. The double-stranded DNA viruses were the most abundant (Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, Myoviridae, and Phycodnaviridae), followed by single-stranded DNA (Inoviridae) and RNA (Retroviridae and Betaflexiviridae) viruses from both metavirome. Functional analysis explored genes encoding virus structures, enzymes for phage replication, integration and excision and proteins related to phage regulation of gene expression.
Conclusions
Fjord metavirome analysis revealed the occurrence of virus groups endemic to Arctic freshwater and marine habitats along with an extra pool of unclassified or unassigned virus reads. Viruses infecting a variety of bacterial groups, and other higher trophic levels in fjord environments were explored. Functional annotation revealed the abundance of phage-related structural genes and metabolic genes. Comparative analysis revealed the abundance of dsDNA viruses from Caudovirales (Myoviridae, Podoviridae and Siphoviridae) in all the analysed Arctic samples in different proportions. The present study enhances our understanding of viral diversity and their metabolic potential in Arctic fjord sediments.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Earth System Science Organization - National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (ESSO-NCPOR), Goa, for providing logistical assistance with sediment sampling. The authors express their gratitude to Macrogen Inc., Republic of Korea for performing shotgun sequencing of samples. BK is grateful to Mr. Ajithabh K. S. for his assistance in plotting the map with sampling location. Authors thankfully acknowledge Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry and National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health (NCAAH), Cochin University of Science and Technology, for providing necessary facilities to perform the work.
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JP and RP collected the sediment samples. BK carried out the experiment of the present work with support from MS and JG. The work was carried out under the supervision of RP. MS assisted the processing of sediment samples. BK wrote the manuscript. RP, JP, CER, JG, and MS reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
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Kachiprath, B., Gopi, J., Sarasan, M. et al. Metavirome mining from fjord sediments of Svalbard Archipelago. J Soils Sediments (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03809-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03809-7