Abstract
Hesperidin (HSP), a flavonoid, is a potent antioxidant, metal chelator, mediator of signaling pathways, and regulator of metal uptake in plants. The study examined the ameliorative effects of HSP (100 μM) on Bassia scoparia grown under excessive levels of heavy metals (zinc (500 mg kg−1), copper (400 mg kg−1), cadmium (100 mg kg−1), and chromium (100 mg kg−1)). The study clarifies the underlying mechanisms by which HSP lessens metabolic mayhem to enhance metal stress tolerance and phytoremediation efficiency of Bassia scoparia. Plants manifested diminished growth because of a drop in chlorophyll content and nutrient acquisition, along with exacerbated deterioration of cellular membranes reflected in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and relative membrane permeability. Besides the colossal production of cytotoxic methylglyoxal, the activity of lipoxygenase was also higher in plants under metal toxicity. Conversely, hesperidin suppressed the production of cytotoxic ROS and methylglyoxal. Hesperidin improved oxidative defense that protected membrane integrity. Hesperidin caused a more significant accumulation of osmolytes, non-protein thiols, and phytochelatins, thereby rendering metal ions non-toxic. Hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide endogenous levels were intricately maintained higher in plants treated with HSP. Hesperidin increased metal accumulation in Bassia scoparia and thereby had the potential to promote the reclamation of metal-contaminated soils.
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Data availability
The datasets used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- PC:
-
phytochelatins
- NPT:
-
non-protein thiols
- GST:
-
glutathione S-transferase
- MDA:
-
malondialdehyde
- O2 ·− :
-
superoxide radical
- H2O2 :
-
hydrogen peroxide
- ·OH:
-
hydroxyl radical
- SOD:
-
superoxide dismutase
- POD:
-
peroxidase
- CAT:
-
catalase
- TF:
-
translocation factor
- BAC:
-
bioaccumulation coefficient
- BCF:
-
bioconcentration factor
- Cr:
-
chromium
- Zn:
-
zinc
- Cd:
-
cadmium
- Cu:
-
copper
- Mn:
-
manganese
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding from the Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan (8345/Punjab/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2017). The authors extend their sincere gratitude to the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSPD2024R751), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Mazhar Hussain conducted the field experiment and laboratory analysis. Muhammad Arslan Ashraf conceived the idea and supervised the execution of experiments and lab analyses. Arslan Hafeez wrote the original draft and prepared graphs. Rizwan Rasheed contributed to the original draft writing. Mahmoud F. Seleiman assisted in statistical analysis and funding acquisition. Shafaqat Ali reviewed the manuscript. Umer Farooq assisted in data curation. Muhammad Rizwan assisted in data evaluation, review, and editing. Muhammad Nafees: conceptualization and methodology.
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Hussain, M., Hafeez, A., Rizwan, M. et al. Pervasive influence of heavy metals on metabolic pathways is potentially relieved by hesperidin to enhance the phytoremediation efficiency of Bassia scoparia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 34526–34549 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33530-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33530-4