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Evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes and saltwater intrusion in the coastal aquifers in the southern part of Puri District, Odisha, India

  • Perceptions in Groundwater Contamination, Risk Assessment, and Management Strategies
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Abstract

Groundwater is widely regarded as being among the freshwater natural resources with the lowest levels of contamination. Nevertheless, the saltwater intrusion has resulted in the contamination of groundwater in coastal regions with lower elevation. The rationale of the present work is to investigate the chemistry of groundwater, to identify the various facies of groundwater, to identify the processes that influence groundwater chemistry and saltwater intrusion, and to evaluate the groundwater’s aptness for use in drinking and farming. In order to gain an understanding of the groundwater quality as well as the salinization process that occurs in coastal aquifers as a result of hydrogeochemical processes, a total of 108 groundwater samples (54 each in pre- and post-monsoon) were taken and analyzed for several physiochemical parameters in the southern part of the Puri district in the Indian state of Odisha. The data has undergone analysis and examination to identify the factors (such as hydrological facies, potential solute source in water, and salinization process) that contribute to groundwater salinity. The result showed the chemistry controlling processes of rock-water interaction as per Gibbs diagram. The majority of shallow aquifers exhibit the Na-Cl type of facies as per the Piper plot. A total of 37% pre-monsoon and 33% post-monsoon samples having Na+/Cl− ratio below the threshold of 0.86 indicating the influence of saltwater intrusion. In both seasons, it was observed that 74% of the samples exhibited a Na+ concentration that exceeded the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking purposes. The findings indicate that most groundwater failed to pass safe drinking water and irrigation standards due to saltwater intrusion. Consequently, the monitoring of coastal aquifer quality has become imperative in order to ensure the sustainability of aquifers and the development of groundwater resources. This is because coastal aquifers are highly vulnerable to saltwater intrusion, primarily as a result of the extensive extraction of groundwater for diverse purposes.

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Data availability

All the data generated during the study are included in this research publication and reviewed by all authors. The data is available from the corresponding author, upon request.

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Acknowledgements

First author is thankful to the Hydrogeology and Environmental Geochemistry Lab, School of Environmental Sciences for providing laboratory facilities for generating the data.

Funding

The author Jyoti Kushawaha has availed the funding from the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NET, File No. 09/263(1148)/2018-EMR-I) during her research related to this publication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Jyoti Kushawaha, Janardhana Raju Nandimandalam & Amit Kumar Singh

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India

    Sughosh Madhav

  3. Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110019, India

    Amit Kumar Singh

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  1. Jyoti Kushawaha
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The conceptualization and methodology of the study were collective efforts of all of the authors. Jyoti Kushawaha has done the investigation and formal analysis, validation, data curation, interpretation, and writing of original draft preparation. Janardhana Raju Nandimandalam has made the investigation, validation, visualization, interpretation, editing, and supervision. Dr. Sughosh Madhav and Amit Kumar Singh have contributed in statistical analysis, validation, data curation, and editing. The final manuscript has been read and approved by all of the authors.

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Kushawaha, J., Nandimandalam, J.R., Madhav, S. et al. Evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes and saltwater intrusion in the coastal aquifers in the southern part of Puri District, Odisha, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32833-w

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