Abstract
A study has been conducted in the heavily populated coastal areas of the Puri district (Odisha, India) with the aim to: (1) identify the factors that influence the major ion composition and concentrations of trace elements in groundwater; (2) determine the spatial distribution of the water-quality parameters and how they vary on a seasonal basis. To do this, groundwater samples were collected from 60 shallow tube wells located along the Puri coast during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Based on their TDS content, 52% of the collected groundwater samples were identified as being brackish-to-saline and unsuitable for drinking purposes in both the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Significant concentrations of trace elements including Ba, Br, F, Fe, Mn, and Sr were detected in most of the samples. Iron concentrations were found to be higher than the WHO drinking water guideline value (0.3 mg/l) in 92% of the samples irrespective of seasons. Elevated Mn concentrations were observed in 37% and 40% of samples during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. In addition, fluoride concentrations in excess of the WHO limit (1.5 mg/l) were found in 15% of samples during the pre-monsoon and 23% of samples during the post-monsoon season. The concentrations of major and trace elements show wide spatial and minor temporal variations. Large spatial and limited temporal variations in Cl and Na concentrations along with considerable Br and Sr concentrations in groundwater suggest that saltwater intrusion is the dominant process controlling groundwater quality in the study area, although other processes including ion exchange, the precipitation and dissolution of minerals, microbial activity, and the weathering of aquifer material also play roles to some extent in determining the spatial and seasonal distribution of the major and trace elements in coastal groundwater. Grouping of various water-quality parameters related to these processes by principal component analysis and their linking to one cluster in the hierarchical cluster analysis further supports the view that these processes control the groundwater chemistry in the coastal aquifer.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adithya VS, Chidambaram S, Tirumalesh K et al (2016) Assessment of sources for higher Uranium concentration in ground waters of the Central Tamilnadu, India. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering. IOP Publishing, p 012009
Alcalá FJ, Custodio E (2008a) Atmospheric chloride deposition in continental Spain. Hydrol Process 22:3636–3650. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6965
Alcalá FJ, Custodio E (2008b) Using the Cl/Br ratio as a tracer to identify the origin of salinity in aquifers in Spain and Portugal. J Hydrol 359:189–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.028
American Public Health Association (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Water Environment Federation, USA
Antonellini M, Mollema P, Giambastiani B et al (2008) Salt water intrusion in the coastal aquifer of the southern Po Plain, Italy. Hydrogeol J 16:1541–1556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0319-9
Baba A, Tayfur G (2011) Groundwater contamination and its effect on health in Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 183:77–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-1907-z
Barlow PM, Reichard EG (2010) Saltwater intrusion in coastal regions of North America. Hydrogeol J 18:247–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0514-3
Bošnjak MU, Capak K, Jazbec A et al (2012) Hydrochemical characterization of arsenic contaminated alluvial aquifers in Eastern Croatia using multivariate statistical techniques and arsenic risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 420:100–110
Bouwer H (1978) Groundwater hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York
Brindha K, Elango L (2011) Fluoride in groundwater: causes, implications and mitigation measures. In: Monroy SD (ed) Fluoride properties, applications and environmental management. Nova Science, New York, pp 111–136
Canter LW (1996) Nitrates in groundwater. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Carretero S, Kruse E (2015) Iron and manganese content in groundwater on the northeastern coast of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Environ Earth Sci 73:1983–1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3546-5
Census of India (2011) CensusInfo India. http://www.dataforall.org/dashboard/censusinfoindia_pca/. Accessed 8 Aug 2016
Central Ground Water Board (2013) Groundwater information booklet, Puri District, Orissa. Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, South Eastern Region, Bhubaneswar, p 21. http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Orissa/Puri.pdf
Central Ground Water Board (2014) Report on status of ground water quality in coastal aquifers of India. Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, Faridabad, p 130. http://cgwb.gov.in/WQ/Costal%20Report.pdf
Chapelle FH (1983) Groundwater geochemistry and calcite cementation of the aquia aquifer in southern Maryland. Water Resour Res 19:545–558. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR019i002p00545
Charette MA, Sholkovitz ER (2006) Trace element cycling in a subterranean estuary: part 2. Geochemistry of the pore water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70:811–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.10.019
Charette MA, Sholkovitz ER, Hansel CM (2005) Trace element cycling in a subterranean estuary: part 1. Geochemistry of the permeable sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69:2095–2109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.10.024
Chen K, Jiao JJ, Huang J, Huang R (2007) Multivariate statistical evaluation of trace elements in groundwater in a coastal area in Shenzhen, China. Environ Pollut 147:771–780
Chen J, Zhu A, Tang C et al (2014) Nitrogen aspects of hydrological processes: a case study in Likeng landfill, Guangzhou, China. Env Sci Process Impacts 16:2604–2616. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4em00194j
Choubisa SL, Choubisa D (2016) Status of industrial fluoride pollution and its diverse adverse health effects in man and domestic animals in India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:7244–7254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6319-8
Custodio E (1992) Coastal aquifer salinization as a consequence of aridity: the case of Amurga phonolitic massif, Gran Canaria Island. In: Study and Modelling of Saltwater Intrusion. CIMNE-UPC, Barcelona, pp 81–98
Dag O, Ilk O (2017) An algorithm for estimating Box–Cox transformation parameter in ANOVA. Commun Stat Simul Comput 46:6424–6435. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2016.1204458
Davis SN, De Wiest RJM (1966) Hydrogeology. Wiley, New York
Davis SN, Whittemore DO, Fabryka-Martin J (1998) Uses of chloride/bromide ratios in studies of potable water. Groundwater 36:338–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb01099.x
Davis SN, Fabryka-Martin JT, Wolfsberg LE (2004) Variations of bromide in potable ground water in the United States. Groundwater 42:902–909
de Andrade EM, Palácio HAQ, Souza IH et al (2008) Land use effects in groundwater composition of an alluvial aquifer (Trussu River, Brazil) by multivariate techniques. Environ Res 106:170–177
Demirel Z (2004) The history and evaluation of saltwater intrusion into a coastal aquifer in Mersin, Turkey. J Environ Manage 70:275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2003.12.007
Dinis MDL, Fiúza A (2011) Exposure assessment to heavy metals in the environment: measures to eliminate or reduce the exposure to critical receptors. In: Environmental heavy metal pollution and effects on child mental development. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 27–50
Dwivedi UN, Mishra S, Singh P, Tripathi RD (2007) Nitrate pollution and its remediation. In: Environmental bioremediation technologies. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 353–389
Everitt B, Hothorn T (2011) An introduction to applied multivariate analysis with R. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin
Farooq SH, Chandrasekharam D, Abbt-Braun G et al (2012) Dissolved organic carbon from the traditional jute processing technique and its potential influence on arsenic enrichment in the Bengal Delta. Appl Geochemistry 27:292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2011.09.006
Farooqi A, Masuda H, Kusakabe M et al (2007) Distribution of highly arsenic and fluoride contaminated groundwater from east Punjab, Pakistan, and the controlling role of anthropogenic pollutants in the natural hydrological cycle. Geochem J 41:213–234. https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.41.213
Flury M, Papritz A (1993) Bromide in the natural environment: Occurrence and toxicity. J Environ Qual 22:747–758
Freeman JT (2007) The use of bromide and chloride mass ratios to differentiate salt-dissolution and formation brines in shallow groundwaters of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Hydrogeol J 15:1377–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0201-1
Freeze RA, Cherry JA (1979) Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey
Gasparini A, Custodio E, Fontes JC et al (1990) Exemple d’etude geochimique et isotopique de circulations aquiferes en terrain volcanique sous climat semi-aride (Amurga, Gran Canaria, Iles Canaries). J Hydrol 114:61–91
He S, Xu YJ (2015) Concentrations and ratios of Sr, Ba and Ca along an estuarine river to the Gulf of Mexico—implication for sea level rise effects on trace metal distribution. Biogeosci Discuss 12:18425–18461. https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-18425-2015
Herrera C, Custodio E (2000) Utilización de la relación Cl-Br como trazador hidroquímico en hidrología subterránea. Boletín Geológico Min 111:49–68
Homoncik SC, MacDonald AM, Heal KV et al (2010) Manganese concentrations in Scottish groundwater. Sci Total Environ 408:2467–2473
Hussain MS, Javadi AA, Sherif MM (2015) Three dimensional simulation of seawater intrusion in a regional coastal aquifer in UAE. Procedia Eng 119:1153–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.965
India Meteorological Department (2008) In: Rainfall data of Puri from Jan 2003 to Dec 2008. Meteorological Department, Government of India, Bhubaneswar, India
Jusoh A, Cheng WH, Low WM et al (2005) Study on the removal of iron and manganese in groundwater by granular activated carbon. Desalination 182:347–353
Kaiser HF (1974) An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika 39:31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
Kim Y, Lee K-S, Koh D-C et al (2003) Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidence of groundwater salinization in a coastal aquifer: a case study in Jeju volcanic island, Korea. J Hydrol 270:282–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00307-4
Kosolapov DB, Kuschk P, Vainshtein MB et al (2004) Microbial processes of heavy metal removal from carbon-deficient effluents in constructed wetlands. Eng Life Sci 4:403–411. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200420048
Kouzana L, Mammou AB, Felfoul MS (2009) Seawater intrusion and associated processes: case of the Korba aquifer (Cap-Bon, Tunisia). Comptes Rendus Geosci 341:21–35
Kreitler CW (1993) Geochemical techniques for identifying sources of ground-water salinization. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Krishnakumar P, Lakshumanan C, Kishore VP et al (2014) Assessment of groundwater quality in and around Vedaraniyam, South India. Environ Earth Sci 71:2211–2225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2626-2
Kumar LT (2012) Salient features of lithological distribution and feasibility study of water resources in coastal aquifers of Puri, India. Int J Environ Eng Res 1:60–69
Kura NU, Ramli MF, Sulaiman WNA et al (2013) Evaluation of factors influencing the groundwater chemistry in a small tropical island of Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 10:1861–1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10051861
Lee J-Y, Song S-H (2007) Groundwater chemistry and ionic ratios in a western coastal aquifer of Buan, Korea: implication for seawater intrusion. Geosciences 11:259–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02913939
Leung C-M, Jiao JJ (2006) Heavy metal and trace element distributions in groundwater in natural slopes and highly urbanized spaces in Mid-Levels area, Hong Kong. Water Res 40:753–767
Liu C-W, Lin K-H, Kuo Y-M (2003) Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Sci Total Environ 313:77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00683-6
Lloyd JW, Heathcote JA (1985) Natural inorganic hydrochemistry in relation to groundwater: an introduction. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Matiatos I, Alexopoulos A, Godelitsas A (2014) Multivariate statistical analysis of the hydrogeochemical and isotopic composition of the groundwater resources in northeastern Peloponnesus (Greece). Sci Total Environ 476:577–590
McCaffrey MA, Lazar BHDH, Holland HD et al (1987) The Evaporation Path of Seawater and the Coprecipitation of Br- and K + with Halite. J Sediment Res 57:928–937. https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8CAB-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D
Menció A, Mas-Pla J (2008) Assessment by multivariate analysis of groundwater–surface water interactions in urbanized Mediterranean streams. J Hydrol 352:355–366
Miao S, DeLaune RD, Jugsujinda A (2006) Influence of sediment redox conditions on release/solubility of metals and nutrients in a Louisiana Mississippi River deltaic plain freshwater lake. Sci Total Environ 371:334–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2006.07.027
Mohapatra PK, Vijay R, Pujari PR et al (2011) Determination of processes affecting groundwater quality in the coastal aquifer beneath Puri city, India: a multivariate statistical approach. Water Sci Technol 64.4:809–817. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.605
Moore WS (1999) The subterranean estuary: a reaction zone of ground water and sea water. Mar Chem 65:111–125
Morris AW, Riley JP (1966) The bromide/chlorinity and sulphate/chlorinity ratio in sea water. Deep Sea Res Oceanogr Abstr 13:699–705
Motalane MP, Strydom CA (2004) Potential groundwater contamination by fluoride from two South African phosphogypsums. Water SA 30:465–468. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v30i4.5098
Nair IS, Brindha K, Elango L (2016) Identification of salinization by bromide and fluoride concentration in coastal aquifers near Chennai, southern India. Water Sci 30:41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2016.07.001
Nealson KH (1983) The microbial manganese cycle. In: Krumbein WE (ed) Microbial geochemistry. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 191–221
Oram B (2011) The pH of water. In: Water res. cent. inf. water testing/water treat. http://www.water-research.net/index.php/ph. Accessed 11 Jan 2017
Özler HM, Aydın A (2008) Hydrochemical and microbiological quality of groundwater in West Thrace Region of Turkey. Environ Geol 54:355–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0822-7
Piper AM (1944) A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water-analyses. Trans Am Geophys Union 25:914. https://doi.org/10.1029/TR025i006p00914
Rao NS, Misra S (2009) Sources of monazite sand in southern Orissa beach placer, eastern India. J Geol Soc India 74:357–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-009-0140-7
Ravikumar P, Somashekar RK (2017) Principal component analysis and hydrochemical facies characterization to evaluate groundwater quality in Varahi river basin, Karnataka state, India. Appl Water Sci 7:745–755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0287-x
Reddy DV, Nagabhushanam P, Sukhija BS et al (2010) Fluoride dynamics in the granitic aquifer of the Wailapally watershed, Nalgonda District, India. Chem Geol 269:278–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMGEO.2009.10.003
Reghunath R, Murthy TRS, Raghavan BR (2002) The utility of multivariate statistical techniques in hydrogeochemical studies: an example from Karnataka, India. Water Res 36:2437–2442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00490-0
Richir J, Gobert S (2016) Trace elements in marine environments: occurrence, threats and monitoring with special focus on the Costal Mediterranean
Selvakumar S, Chandrasekar N, Kumar G (2017) Hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater contamination in the rapid urban development areas of Coimbatore, India. Water Resour Ind 17:26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WRI.2017.02.002
Shammas MI, Jacks G (2007) Seawater intrusion in the Salalah plain aquifer, Oman. Environ Geol 53:575–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0673-2
Singh AL, Singh VK (2018) Assessment of groundwater quality of Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh, India, with reference to arsenic contamination using multivariate statistical analysis. Appl Water Sci 8:95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0737-3
Swarzenski PW, Baskaran M (2007) Uranium distribution in the coastal waters and pore waters of Tampa Bay, Florida. Mar Chem 104:43–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARCHEM.2006.05.002
Tamez-Melendez C, Hernandez-Antonio A, Gaona-Zanella PC et al (2016) Isotope signatures and hydrochemistry as tools in assessing groundwater occurrence and dynamics in a coastal arid aquifer. Environ Earth Sci 75:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5617-2
Tiri A, Lahbari N, Boudoukha A (2017) Assessment of the quality of water by hierarchical cluster and variance analyses of the Koudiat Medouar Watershed, East Algeria. Appl Water Sci 7:4197–4206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0261-z
Tziritis E, Skordas K, Kelepertsis A (2016) The use of hydrogeochemical analyses and multivariate statistics for the characterization of groundwater resources in a complex aquifer system. A case study in Amyros River basin, Thessaly, central Greece. Environ Earth Sci 75:339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5204-y
Vijay R, Khobragade P, Mohapatra PK (2011a) Assessment of groundwater quality in Puri City, India: an impact of anthropogenic activities. Environ Monit Assess 177:409–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1643-9
Vijay R, Sharma A, Ramya SS, Gupta A (2011b) Fluctuation of groundwater in an urban coastal city of India: a GIS-based approach. Hydrol Process 25:1479–1485. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7914
Wang S, Tang C, Song X et al (2013) Using major ions and δ15N-NO3(-) to identify nitrate sources and fate in an alluvial aquifer of the Baiyangdian lake watershed, North China Plain. Environ Sci Process Impacts 15:1430–1443. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00058c
WHO (2006) Guidelines for drinking-water quality: incorporating first addendum, vol. 1, Recommendations, 3rd edn. WHO Press, p 515 (ISBN: 92 4 154696 4)
WHO (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edn. WHO Press, p 541 (ISBN: 978 92 4 154815 1)
WHO UNICEF (2010) Progress on sanitation and drinking-water, 2010 update. World Health Organization, Geneva
WWAP U (2006) The United Nations world water development report 2: Water a shared responsibility
Zaidi FK, Nazzal Y, Jafri MK et al (2015) Reverse ion exchange as a major process controlling the groundwater chemistry in an arid environment: a case study from northwestern Saudi Arabia. Environ Monit Assess 187:607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4828-4
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Govt. of India for providing financial support through Bay of Bengal Coastal Observatory (RP-088). Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar is specially thanked for providing necessary laboratory facility to carry out this research work. Mr. L. Prusty is thanked for his valuable help in carrying out the fieldwork. Authors are highly thankful to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and valuable suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Prusty, P., Farooq, S.H., Zimik, H.V. et al. Assessment of the factors controlling groundwater quality in a coastal aquifer adjacent to the Bay of Bengal, India. Environ Earth Sci 77, 762 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7943-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7943-z