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Toxicity of representative organophosphate, organochlorine, phenylurea, dinitroaniline, carbamate, and viologen pesticides to the growth and survival of H. vulgaris, L. minor, and C. elegans

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Abstract

Pesticides are commonly found in the environment and pose a risk to target and non-target species; therefore, employing a set of bioassays to rapidly assess the toxicity of these chemicals to diverse species is crucial. The toxicity of nine individual pesticides from organophosphate, organochlorine, phenylurea, dinitroaniline, carbamate, and viologen chemical classes and a mixture of all the compounds were tested in three bioassays (Hydra vulgaris, Lemna minor, and Caenorhabditis elegans) that represent plant, aquatic, and soil-dwelling species, respectively. Multiple endpoints related to growth and survival were measured for each model, and EC10 and EC50 values were derived for each endpoint to identify sensitivity patterns according to chemical classes and target organisms. L. minor had the lowest EC10 and EC50 values for seven and five of the individual pesticides, respectively. L. minor was also one to two orders of magnitude more sensitive to the mixture compared to H. vulgaris and C. elegans, where EC50 values were calculated to be 0.00042, 0.0014, and 0.038 mM, respectively. H. vulgaris was the most sensitive species to the remaining individual pesticides, and C. elegans consistently ranked the least sensitive to all tested compounds. When comparing the EC50 values across all pesticides, the endpoints of L. minor were correlated with each other while the endpoints measured in H. vulgaris and C. elegans were clustered together. While there was no apparent relationship between the chemical class of pesticide and toxicity, the compounds were more closely clustered based on target organisms (herbicide vs insecticide). The results of this study demonstrate that the combination of these plant, soil, and aquatic specie can serve as representative indicators of pesticide pollution in environmental samples.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Superfund Hazardous Substance Research and Training Program (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences) (P42 ES027704) and the United States Department of Agriculture (Hatch 6215). The manuscript contents are solely the responsibility of the grantee and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

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  1. Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Kelly J. Rivenbark, Meichen Wang & Timothy D. Phillips

  2. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Kelly J. Rivenbark, Meichen Wang & Timothy D. Phillips

  3. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Hasan Nikkhah & Burcu Beykal

  4. Center for Clean Energy Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Hasan Nikkhah & Burcu Beykal

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Kelly Rivenbark: study design, execution of in vitro experiments, preparation of original draft. Hasan Nikkhah: software, visualization, writing—review and editing. Meichen Wang: study design, execution of in vitro experiments, writing—review and editing. Burcu Beykal: software, visualization, funding acquisition, writing—review and editing. Timothy Phillips: funding acquisition, writing—review and editing.

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Rivenbark, K.J., Nikkhah, H., Wang, M. et al. Toxicity of representative organophosphate, organochlorine, phenylurea, dinitroaniline, carbamate, and viologen pesticides to the growth and survival of H. vulgaris, L. minor, and C. elegans. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 21781–21796 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32444-5

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