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The Response of Lemna minor to Mixtures of Pesticides That Are Commonly Used in Thailand

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Abstract

In the field, aquatic organisms are exposed to multiple contaminants rather than to single compounds. It is therefore important to understand the toxic interactions of co-occurring substances in the environment. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of individual herbicides (atrazine, 2,4-D, alachlor and paraquat) that are commonly used in Thailand and their mixtures on Lemna minor. Plants were exposed to individual and binary mixtures for 7 days and the effects on plant growth rate were assesed based on frond area measurements. Experimental observations of mixture toxicity were compared with predictions based on single herbicide exposure data using concentration addition and independent action models. The single compound studies showed that paraquat and alachlor were most toxic to L. minor, followed by atrazine and then 2,4-D. For the mixtures, atrazine with 2,4-D appeared to act antagonistically, whereas alachlor and paraquat showed synergism.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Thai Royal Government, the Science and Technology Ministry of Thailand and the Environment Department, University of York and Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The authors thank to Chiang Mai Rajabhat University for proving the needed facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai, 50300, Thailand

    Rungnapa Tagun

  2. Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK

    Alistair B. A. Boxall

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  1. Rungnapa Tagun
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  2. Alistair B. A. Boxall
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Correspondence to Rungnapa Tagun.

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Tagun, R., Boxall, A.B.A. The Response of Lemna minor to Mixtures of Pesticides That Are Commonly Used in Thailand. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 100, 516–523 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2291-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2291-y

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