Abstract
Effectively controlling target organisms while reducing the adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms is a crucial scientific inquiry and challenge in pesticide ecotoxicology research. Here, we studied the alleviation of herbicide (R)-imazethapyr [(R)-IM] to non-target plant wheat by active regulation between auxin and secondary metabolite 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazine-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA). We found (R)-IM reduced 32.4% auxin content in wheat leaves and induced 40.7% DIMBOA accumulation compared to the control group, which effortlessly disrupted the balance between wheat growth and defense. Transcriptomic results indicated that restoration of the auxin level in plants promoted the up-regulation of growth-related genes and the accumulation of DIMBOA up-regulated the expression of defense-related genes. Auxin and DIMBOA alleviated herbicide stress primarily through effects in the two directions of wheat growth and defense, respectively. Additionally, as a common precursor of auxin and DIMBOA, indole adopted a combined growth and defense strategy in response to (R)-IM toxicity, i.e., restoring growth development and enhancing the defense system. Future regulation of auxin and DIMBOA levels in plants may be possible through appropriate methods, thus regulating the plant growth-defense balance under herbicide stress. Our insight into the interference mechanism of herbicides to the plant growth-defense system will facilitate the design of improved strategies for herbicide detoxification.
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This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22176174 and 22006078).
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Hui Chen: methodology, investigation, formal analysis, and writing original draft; Jinye Huang: methodology, investigation, formal analysis, and writing original draft; Jun Li: validation and editing; Chensi Shen: validation and review; Yuezhong Wen: resources, supervision, validation, writing, review, and editing.
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ESM 1
The Supplementary Information is available free of charge. Primer sequences for 10 DEGs and the internal reference gene β-actin (Table S1). Effects of different exogenous treatments on the phenotype of wheat seedlings (Fig. S1). Effects of treatments on the growth index of wheat seedlings (Fig. S2). Effects of IAA, DIMBOA, and indole on growth and defense systems under (R)-IM stress (Fig. S3). Real-time qPCR validation of differentially expressed genes (Fig. S4). Regulation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity on wheat seedlings (Fig. S5). (DOCX 317 KB)
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Huang, ., Li, J., Chen, H. et al. Phytotoxicity alleviation of imazethapyr to non-target plant wheat: active regulation between auxin and DIMBOA. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 116004–116017 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30608-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30608-3