Abstract
Zea mays defense response is well-crafted according to the physical and chemical weapons utilized by their invaders during the coevolutionary period. Maize plants employ diversified defense strategies and alter the spatiotemporal distribution of several classes of defensive compounds to affect insect herbivore performance. However, only little knowledge is available about the defense orchestration of maize in response to Spodoptera litura, a voracious Noctuidae pest. In order to decipher the defense status of Zea mays (African tall variety) against S. litura, a comparative feeding bioassay was executed, which revealed reduced performance of the herbivore on maize. In order to understand the molecular mechanism behind maize tolerance against S. litura, a microarray-based genome-wide expression analysis was performed. The comparative analysis displayed 792 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), wherein 357 genes were upregulated and 435 genes were downregulated at fold change ≥ 2 and p value ≤ 0.05. The upregulated genes were identified and categorized as defense-related, oxidative stress-related, transcription regulatory genes, protein synthesis genes, phytohormone-related, and primary and secondary metabolism-related. In contrast, downregulated genes were mainly associated with plant growth and development, indicating a balance of growth and defense response and utilization of a highly evolved C-diversion response were noticed. Maize plants showed better tolerance against herbivory and maintained its fitness using a combinatorial strategy. This peculiar response of Zea mays against S. litura offers an excellent possibility of managing polyphagous pests by spicing up the plant’s defensive response with tolerance mechanism.
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Abbreviations
- DEGs:
-
Differentially expressed genes
- Mir 1-CP:
-
Maize insect resistance 1-cysteine protease
- MPI:
-
Maize proteinase inhibitor
- DIMBOA:
-
2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one
- JA:
-
Jasmonic acid
- ABA:
-
Abscisic acid
- ET:
-
Ethylene
- prx120:
-
Peroxidase
- GR:
-
Growth rate
- CI:
-
Consumption index
- prx:
-
120 Peroxidase
- APX7:
-
Probable L-ascorbate peroxidase 7
- MF:
-
Molecular function
- BP:
-
Biological process
- CC:
-
Cellular component
- ABA:
-
Abscisic acid
- PP2A-1:
-
Protein phosphatase
- HOX5:
-
Homeobox-leucine zipper protein
- IAA:
-
Indole-3-acetic acid
- PLD:
-
Phospholipase D alpha 1
- glp1:
-
Germin-like protein
- PR:
-
Proteins Pathogenesis-related proteins
- ARF:
-
Auxin response factors
- POX:
-
Peroxygenase
- BXs:
-
Benzoxazinoids
- SNF1:
-
Sucrose non-fermenting-1
- SnRK1:
-
Sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF)-related kinase
- TOR:
-
Target of rapamycin
- 1-SST:
-
Sucrose-sucrose-1-fructosyltransferase
- FC Log2:
-
Fold change value
- OTU:
-
Ovarian tumor domain
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), DST, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, India, for the financial supports given to IKS and AS [SB/YS/LS-59/2013 (IKS); ECR/2017/002478 (AS);]. SS and SK are thankful to the SERB, DST, India, and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India, respectively, for providing fellowships. Sincere thanks to Prof. Umesh Rai, Head, Department of Zoology, for extending his research lab’s instrumentation facilities.
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Singh, A., Singh, S., Singh, R. et al. Dynamics of Zea mays transcriptome in response to a polyphagous herbivore, Spodoptera litura. Funct Integr Genomics 21, 571–592 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-021-00796-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-021-00796-7