Abstract
An increasing concern for food safety has drawn attention to the overuse of pesticides, which pose a risk to public health. The present study determined 61 pesticide residues in 120 samples of cauliflower, green chili, cucumber, grapes, bananas and mangoes samples, and these were collected from markets in Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Surendranagar, Anand and Sabarkantha districts of Gujarat state, India. The samples were extracted and analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-q-TOF–MS) and Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). In addition, the health risk assessment associated with pesticide residues were evaluated by calculating the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI), which indicate a value of less than 1 is safe for consumption. Out of 61 pesticide residues, 29 residues were detected in 107 samples; 68 samples showed multiple residues, and 39 samples found a single residue. Pesticides such as dimethoate, λ-cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, bifenthrin, and cyfluthrin were frequently detected in samples. HI in adults and adolescents confirmed a value less than 1 in cauliflower, cucumber, grapes and mango samples and greater than 1 in green chili and banana samples, respectively. The overall results depicted that, no considerable risk was observed in the selected food commodities. However, green chili and banana samples were found to exhibit marginal risk to human health. As a result, proper application, implementation of control plans, and continuous monitoring are required to prevent the risk and safeguard human health.
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All analytical datasets are available from the corresponding author. The data will be provided on a reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The research work was supported by ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad-380016. Further, greatly thankful to the Director in charge, ICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health for guidance and support. We thankful to Mr. Chandrakant G. Parmar for his support during the sampling
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Sivaperumal Perumal: Study Design, Analytical data interpretation, editing the manuscript and supervision. Meghna Mahesh: Sample preparation, experimental work, visualization of data, writing draft manuscript. Divya V. Kottadiyil: Experimental work, data curation, revision and editing of manuscript Tejal G. Mehta: Conducted instrument analysis, acquisition and visualization of data UHPLC-q-TOF/MS. Rupal R. Thasale: Conducted instrument analysis, acquisition and visualization of data in GC–MS/MS.
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Perumal, S., Mahesh, M., Kottadiyil, D. et al. Determination of multi-class pesticide residues in food commodities from Gujarat, India and evaluation of acute and chronic health risk. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 60460–60472 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26651-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26651-9