Abstract
Monitoring data for pesticides are generally scarce in many countries of the world, especially in developing countries. In Burkina Faso, there are few scientific data on the occurrence and concentrations of pesticide residues in staple foods found in local markets. Using QuEChERS extraction method and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, samples of commonly eaten foods from five localities of Burkina Faso were evaluated by targeting more than 40 pesticides. It appears that 58.1% of all the collected samples exhibited at least one or more pesticide residues. Among those, 36.5% of the samples had at least one pesticide with a concentration above the maximum residue level (MRL) value. Unfortunately, no MRL data was available for dried fish which is a widely consumed food in this part of Africa. Simazine was found in tomatoes, pyrethroids in cereals, while dried fish contained most of the pesticides detected. The assessment of long-term health risks revealed that dieldrin quantified in dried fish showed more than 250% of acceptable daily intake which was then labelled as unacceptable high risk. For hazardous foods, more sampling should be carried out for a better assessment of the health risks involved.
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Abbreviations
- ADI:
-
Acceptable daily intake
- ARfD:
-
Acute reference dose
- EFSA:
-
European Food Safety Authority
- FAO:
-
Food and Agriculture Organization
- GC:
-
Gas chromatography
- HQ:
-
Hazard quotient
- MRL:
-
Maximum residue level
- PSA:
-
Primary–secondary amine
- QuEChERS:
-
Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe
- US EPA:
-
US Environmental Protection Agency
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the National Institute of Public Health (INSP) for the scientific collaboration; the European Union (EU) for financing this project; the Health Research Ethics Committee for authorising the conduct of this study; the Regional Health Directorates of the Centre, Hauts-Bassins, Cascades, and Centre-East regions for authorizing the conduct of this study; the population of the Centre, Hauts-Bassins, Cascades, Centre-East, and Centre-South regions for their collaboration; and Mr. Michael Lionel Tientega and Dr. Thibaud Geoffroy for the proofreading.
Funding
This work was initiated by the PAASME-UE project (“Productions et analyses des données pour améliorer la santé de la mère et de l’enfant au Burkina Faso”) in collaboration with the INSP, financed by the European Union.
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Research protocol and draft article manuscript writing: NRM, EK, DSK, BPOS, NSDM, and MB. Correction of draft article: EK, DSK, MB, NSDM, APN, TMOK, MKAC, BSRB, and BPOS. Validation of research protocol and draft article manuscript: EK and MHH. Laboratory analysis: NRM, SS, and NSDM. Data analysis: NRM, SS, NSDM, MB, TMOK, MKAC, and BSRB.
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Appendix
Appendix
Appendix A: Amount of OCP, OPP, CP and PP detected in sampled foods (mg.kg-1)
Family of pesticides detected | Pesticide active ingredient | Maize | Dried fish | Rice | Tomatoes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OCP | Chlorothalonil | - | Nber of samples | 8 | - | Nber of samples | 4 | ||
Means ± SD | 2.21 ± 0.77 | Means ± SD | 0.04 | ||||||
Range | [0.18 -3.74] | Range | - | ||||||
Dieldrin | - | Nber of samples | 1 | - | - | ||||
Means ± SD | 4.24 | ||||||||
Range | - | ||||||||
Heptachlor | - | - | - | Nber of samples | 1 | ||||
Means ± SD | 0,09 | ||||||||
Range | - | ||||||||
Lindane | - | Nber of samples | 23 | - | Nber of samples | 4 | |||
Means ± SD | 34.7 ± 26.9 | Means ± SD | 0.13 ± 0.14 | ||||||
Range | [2.18 -91.8] | Range | [0.03 - 0.33] | ||||||
Metazachlor | - | Nber of samples | 1 | - | Nber of samples | 1 | |||
Means ± SD | 1.37 | Means ± SD | 0.03 | ||||||
Range | - | Range | - | ||||||
PCB 209 | - | - | Nber of samples | 2 | Nber of samples | 5 | |||
Means ± SD | 0.11 ± 0.11 | Means ± SD | 0.13 ± 0.05 | ||||||
Range | [0.03 - 0.19] | Range | [0.05 -0.19] | ||||||
OPP | Azinphos Ethyl | - | Nber of samples | 11 | - | - | |||
Means ± SD | 2.29 ± 1.05 | ||||||||
Range | [1.06 -4.09] | ||||||||
Dimethoate | - | Nber of samples | 2 | - | Nber of samples | 1 | |||
Means ± SD | 1.51± 0.64 | Means ± SD | 0.03 | ||||||
Range | [1.06 -1.96] | Range | - | ||||||
Monocrotophos | - | - | - | Nber of samples | 4 | ||||
Means ± SD | 2.22± 0.92 | ||||||||
Range | [1.04 - 3.20] | ||||||||
CP & others | Benalaxyl | - | Nber of samples | 8 | - | - | |||
Means ± SD | 12.7 ± 29.6 | ||||||||
Range | [1.01- 85.8] | ||||||||
Carbofuran | - | - | - | Nber of samples | 2 | ||||
Means ± SD | 0,06 ± 0.01 | ||||||||
Range | [0.05 - 0.07] | ||||||||
Imazalil | - | Nber of samples | 3 | - | Nber of samples | 3 | |||
Means ± SD | 6.11 ± 1.32 | Means ± SD | 0,22 ± 0.20 | ||||||
Range | [4.67- 7.26] | Range | [0.06 - 0.44] | ||||||
Propiconazole | - | - | Nber of samples | 1 | Nber of samples | 1 | |||
Means ± SD | 0.25 | Means ± SD | 0.06 | ||||||
Range | - | Range | - | ||||||
Simazine | - | Nber of samples | 19 | - | Nber of samples | 12 | |||
Means ± SD | 13.1 ± 10.3 | Means ± SD | 0.09 ± 0.13 | ||||||
Range | [2.62- 38.4] | Range | [0.03 - 0.5] | ||||||
PP | Cyflutrin | Nber of samples | 7 | Nber of samples | 34 | Nber of samples | 26 | Nber of samples | 1 |
Means ± SD | 1.99 ± 2.09 | Means ± SD | 9.77 ± 5.22 | Means ± SD | 1.29 ± 1.12 | Means ± SD | 0.34 | ||
Range | [0.39 -6.23] | Range | [1.05 – 21.11] | Range | [0.1 - 3.95] | Range | - | ||
∑ Cypermethrins | Nber of samples | 4 | Nber of samples | 31 | Nber of samples | 11 | Nber of samples | 1 | |
Means ± SD | 0.17 ± 0.08 | Means ± SD | 38.34 ± 27.37 | Means ± SD | 0.20 ± 0.09 | Means ± SD | 0.17 | ||
Range | [0.11-0.28] | Range | [1.6–96.68] | Range | [0.11-0.34] | Range | - | ||
Appendix B: Acute health risk assessment as per maximum daily intakes of pesticide residues
Pesticide active ingredient | Estimated Maximum Daily Intakes (EMDI) (mg.kg -1 .day -1 ) | Estimated Average Daily Intakes (EADI) (mg.kg -1 .day -1 ) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maize | Dried Fish | Rice | Tomatoes | Maize | Dried Fish | Rice | Tomatoes | |
Chlorothalonil | - | 0.00025 | - | - | - | 0.0001 | - | - |
Dieldrine | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0003 | - | - |
Heptachlor | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.00001 |
Lindane | - | 0.0061 | - | 0.00003 | - | 0.0023 | - | 0.00001 |
Dimethoate | - | 0.0001 | - | - | - | 0.0001 | - | - |
Monocrotophos | - | - | - | 0.00032 | - | - | - | 0.00022 |
Benalaxyl | - | 0.0057 | - | - | - | 0.0008 | - | - |
Carbofuran | - | - | - | 0.00001 | - | - | - | 0.00001 |
Imazalil | - | 0.0005 | - | 0.00004 | - | 0.0004 | - | 0.00002 |
Propiconazole | - | - | 0.0007 | 0.00001 | - | - | 0.0007 | 0.00001 |
Simazine | - | 0.0026 | - | 0.00005 | - | 0.0009 | - | 0.00001 |
Cyflutrin | 0.0221 | 0.0014 | 0.0111 | 0.00003 | 0.0071 | 0.0007 | 0.0036 | 0.00003 |
Cyperméthrine | 0.0010 | 0.0065 | 0.0010 | 0.00002 | 0.0006 | 0.0026 | 0.0006 | 0.00002 |
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Meda, NSB.R., Bande, M., Kpoda, D.S. et al. Pesticide residues in commonly consumed food from five localities of Burkina Faso: occurrence and health risk assessment. Environ Monit Assess 195, 160 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10672-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10672-x