Abstract
Cartagena Bay is an estuarine system located in the Caribbean Sea (Colombia, South America), that receives fresh water from Canal del Dique, which is connected to the Magdalena River, the most important river of Colombia, with some of the most prominent Colombian cities located in its watershed, which has a high sediment yield. An analysis of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals was carried out on marine sediments from Cartagena Bay. Cartagena Bay sediments deployed the occurrence of total levels of pesticides (thiocarbamates, bromacil, triazines, organochlorines, and organophosphorus), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in sediments ranging from 0.83–33.67 ng/g dry-weight, 0.05–0.34 ng/g dry-weight, and 0.06–19.58 ng/g dry-weight, respectively. Their concentrations were lower than those reported in NOAA Screening Quick Reference Tables. DDTs and PCBs are banned organochlorine compounds, since, even at low levels, their presence in sediments represents a threat to aquatic organisms and, therefore, to human health through the trophic chain. Sediments showed high concentrations of strontium (50–959.6 mg/kg). All metals evaluated in the marine sediments were found in the S6 sampling point; this was near tannery and hydrocarbon industries (Pb 37.1 mg/kg, Cr 137.2 mg/kg, Cd 1.7 mg/kg, Cu 64.4 mg/kg, As 13.1 mg/kg, Sr 318.9 mg/kg); these results exceeded the accepted values of threshold effect levels (TEL) used as an indicator of their potential risk on marine life.
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Data availability
The majority of the data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files), but if some are missing, data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Research Groups Support Program and Research Project Support Program, sponsored by the University of Cartagena’s Vice-Presidency for Research (Grant No. 023-2015), and the internship mobility Program of Beatriz Jaramillo-Colorado and Edisson Duarte-Restrepo, sponsored by the Vice-Presidency for Research at the University of Cartagena. To Fulbright Colombia-Colciencias Program for the financial support to Katia Noguera-Oviedo. The authors would also like to thank Diana Aga’s group at the University at Buffalo.
Funding
This study was financially supported by the Research Groups Support Program and Research Project Support Program, sponsored by the University of Cartagena’s Vice-Presidency for Research (Grant No. 023-2015). Katia Noguera-Oviedo received financial support from the Fulbright Colombia-Colciencias Program.
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Conceptualization: Edisson Duarte-Restrepo, Beatriz E. Jaramillo-Colorado.
Formal analysis: Edisson Duarte-Restrepo, Katia Noguera Oviedo, Deena Butryn
Funding acquisition: Beatriz E. Jaramillo-Colorado
Data curation: Katia Noguera, Deena Butryn, Edisson Duarte-Restrepo
Methodology: Beatriz E. Jaramillo C, Diana Aga, Edisson Duarte-Restrepo, Katia Noguera, Deena Butryn
Software: Edisson Duarte-Restrepo and Joshua S. Wallace
Project administration: Beatriz E. Jaramillo-Colorado
Resources: Beatriz E. Jaramillo-Colorado and Diana S. Aga
Supervision: Beatriz E. Jaramillo-Colorado and Diana S. Aga
Writing—original draft: Beatriz E. Jaramillo C, Diana Aga, Katia Noguera, Deena Butryn, Edisson Duarte-Restrepo
Writing—review and editing: Edisson Duarte-Restrepo, Beatriz E. Jaramillo-Colorado
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Duarte-Restrepo, E., Noguera-Oviedo, K., Butryn, D. et al. Spatial distribution of pesticides, organochlorine compounds, PBDEs, and metals in surface marine sediments from Cartagena Bay, Colombia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 14632–14653 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11504-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11504-6