Abstract
Numerous mitigation techniques have been incorporated to capture or remove SO2 with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) being the most common method. Regenerative FGD method is advantageous over other methods due to high desulfurization efficiency, sorbent regenerability, and reduction in waste handling. The capital costs of regenerative methods are higher than those of commonly used once-through methods simply due to the inclusion of sorbent regeneration while operational and management costs depend on the operating hours and fuel composition. Regenerable sorbents like ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, ammonium halide solutions, alkyl-aniline solutions, amino acid solutions, activated carbons, mesoporous silica, zeolite, and metal-organic frameworks have been reported to successfully achieve high SO2 removal. The presence of other gases in flue gas, e.g., O2, CO2, NOx, and water vapor, and the reaction temperature critically affect the sorption capacity and sorbent regenerability. To obtain optimal SO2 removal performance, other parameters such as pH, inlet SO2 concentration, and additives need to be adequately governed. Due to its high removal capacity, easy preparation, non-toxicity, and low regeneration temperature, the use of deep eutectic solvents is highly feasible for upscale utilization. Metal-organic frameworks demonstrated highest reported SO2 removal capacity; however, it is not yet applicable at industrial level due to its high price, weak stability, and robust formulation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdulrasheed AA, Jalil AA, Triwahyono S, Zaini MAA, Gambo Y, Ibrahim M (2018) Surface modification of activated carbon for adsorption of SO2 and NOX: a review of existing and emerging technologies. Renew Sust Energ Rev 94:1067–1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.011
Abramenko N, Kustov L, Metelytsia L, Kovalishyn V, Tetko I, Peijnenburg W (2020) A review of recent advances towards the development of QSAR models for toxicity assessment of ionic liquids. J Hazard Mater 384:121429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121429
Atanes E, Nieto-Marquez A, Cambra A, Ruiz-Perez MC, Fernandez-Martinez F (2012) Adsorption of SO2 onto waste cork powder-derived activated carbons. Chem Eng J 211–212:60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.043
Bai BC, Lee CW, Lee YS, Im JS (2016) Metal impregnate on activated carbon fiber for SO2 gas removal: assessment of pore structure, Cu supporter, breakthrough, and bed utilization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 509:73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.08.038
Berger M, Fioux P, Dorge S, Nouali H, Habermacher D, Fiani E, Vierling M, Moliere M, Brilhac JF, Patarin J (2017) Structure-performance relationship in CuO/SBA-15-type SOx adsorbent: evolution of copper-based species under different regenerative treatments. Catal Sci Technol 7:4115–4128. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cy01010a
Berger M, Brillard A, Dorge S, Habermacher D, Nouali H, Kerdoncuff P, Vierling M, Moliere M, Patarin J, Brilhac J (2020) Modeling SOx trapping on a copper-doped CuO/SBA-15 sorbent material. J Hazard Mater 385:121579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121579
Boutillara Y, Tombeur JL, De Weireld G, Lodewyckx P (2019) In-situ copper impregnation by chemical activation with CuCl2 and its application to SO2 and H2S capture by activated carbons. Chem Eng J 372:631–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.183
Brandt P, Nuhnen A, Lange M, Möllmer J, Weingart O, Janiak C (2019) Metal-organic frameworks with potential application for SO2 separation and flue gas desulfurization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:17350–17358. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b00029
Carter JH, Han X, Moreau FY, Da Silva I, Nevin A, Godfrey HGW, Tang CC, Yang S, Schröder M (2018) Exceptional adsorption and binding of sulfur dioxide in a robust zirconium-based metal-organic framework. J Am Chem Soc 140:15564–15567. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b08433
Chen K, Lin W, Yu X, Luo X, Ding F, He X, Haoran L, Wang C (2015) Designing of anion-functionalized ionic liquids for efficient capture of SO2 from flue gas. AICHE J 00:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic
Chen M, Deng X, He F (2016) Removal of SO2 from flue gas using basic aluminum sulfate solution with the byproduct oxidation inhibition by ethylene glycol. Energy Fuel 30:1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02411
Chen Y, Huang B, Huang M, Lu Q, Huang B (2018a) Sticky rice lime mortar-inspired in situ sustainable design of novel calcium-rich activated carbon monoliths for efficient SO2 capture. J Clean Prod 183:449–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.167
Chen Y, Jiang B, Dou H, Zhang L, Tantai X, Sun Y, Zhang H (2018b) Highly efficient and reversible capture of low partial pressure SO2 by functional deep eutectic solvents. Energy Fuel 32:10737–10744. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01794
Chen M, Xie B, He F, Deng X (2019) Efficient inhibition of S(IV) oxidation in a novel basic aluminum sulfate regenerative flue gas desulfurization process by ethylene glycol: kinetics and reaction mechanism. Energy Fuel 33:1383–1391. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b03862
Chiu CH, Lin HP, Kuo TH, Chen SS, Chang TC, Su KH, Hsi HC (2015) Simultaneous control of elemental mercury/sulfur dioxide/nitrogen monoxide from coal-fired flue gases with metal oxide-impregnated activated carbon. Aerosol Air Qual Res 15:2094–2103. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.03.0176
Cui G, Zhang F, Zhou X, Li H, Wang J, Wang C (2015) Tuning the basicity of cyano-containing ionic liquids to improve SO2 capture through cyano-sulfur interactions. Chem - A Eur J 21:5632–5639. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201405683
Czuma N, Zarȩbska K, Baran P (2016) Analysis of the influence of fusion synthesis parameters on the SO2 sorption properties of zeolites produced out of fly ash. E3S Web Conf 10:23–26. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20161000010
Czuma N, Baran P, Franus W, Zabierowski P, Zarębska K (2019) Synthesis of zeolites from fly ash with the use of modified two-step hydrothermal method and preliminary SO2 sorption tests. Adsorpt Sci Technol 37:61–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617418810607
Czuma N, Franus W, Baran P, Ćwik A, Zareska K (2020a) SO2 sorption properties of fly ash zeolites. Turk J Chem 44:155–167. https://doi.org/10.3906/kim-1905-50
Czuma N, Panek R, Baran P, Zarębska K (2020b) The influence of binder for pelletization of fly ash zeolites on sorption properties in relation to SO2. Clay Miner:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1180/clm.2020.3
Deng R, Jia L (2012) Reversible removal of SO2 at low temperature by L-a-alanine supported on γ-Al2O3. Fuel 93:385–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.024
Deng R, Jia L, Song Q, Su S, Tian Z (2012) Reversible absorption of SO2 by amino acid aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater 229–230:398–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.020
Deng H, Yi H, Tang X, Liu H, Zhou X (2013) Interactive effect for simultaneous removal of SO2, NO, and CO2 in flue gas on ion exchanged zeolites. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:6778–6784. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie303319f
Deng D, Han G, Jiang Y (2015) Investigation of a deep eutectic solvent formed by levulinic acid with quaternary ammonium salt as an efficient SO2 absorbent. New J Chem 39:32–34. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NJ01629K
Deng ZL, Liang MN, Li HH, Zhu ZJ (2016) Advances in preparation of modified activated carbon and its applications in the removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 39:012065. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/39/1/012065
Deng D, Liu X, Gao B (2017) Physicochemical properties and investigation of azole-based deep eutectic solvents as efficient and reversible SO2 absorbents. Ind Eng Chem Res 56:13850–13856. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02478
Du C, Yi H, Tang X, Zhao S, Gao F, Yu Q, Yang Z, Yang K, Xie X, Ma Y (2020) Desulfurization and denitrification experiments in SDA system: a new high-efficient semi-dry process by NaClO2. Sep Purif Technol 230:115873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115873
Duan E, Zhang P, Yang K, Liang W, Yu M, Wang S, Niu J (2016) Effect of alkyl and halide moieties on the absorption and stratification of SO2 in tetrabutylammonium halide aqueous solutions. RSC Adv 6:55401–55405. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra05677f
ECE (2015) Guidance document on control techniques for emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter (including PM10, PM2.5 and black carbon) from stationary sources. https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2012/EB/ECE.EB.AIR.117_AV.pdf. Accessed 14 February 2020
Fakhari MA, Rahimi A, Hatamipour MS, Fozooni A (2015) Non-isothermal modeling of simultaneous CO2 and SO2 removal in a semi-dry spouted bed reactor. Process Saf Environ Prot 98:342–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2015.09.001
Fan X, Zhang X (2013) Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO with activated carbon from sewage sludge modified by chitosan. Appl Mech Mater 253–255:960–964. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.253-255.960
Flagiello D, Erto A, Lancia A, Di Natale F (2018) Experimental and modelling analysis of seawater scrubbers for sulphur dioxide removal from flue-gas. Fuel 214:254–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.098
Fu Y, Wang Z, Li S, He X, Pan C, Yan J, Yu G (2018) Functionalized covalent triazine frameworks for effective CO2 and SO2 removal. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:36002–36009. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b13417
Furtado AMB, Barpaga D, Mitchell LA, Wang Y, Decoste JB, Peterson GW, Levan MD (2012) Organoalkoxysilane-grafted silica composites for acidic and basic gas adsorption. Langmuir 28:17450–17456. https://doi.org/10.1021/la303203k
Gaudin P, Dorge S, Nouali H, Kehrli D, Michelin L, Josien L, Fioux P, Vidal L, Soulard M, Vierling M, Molière M, Brilhac JF, Patarin J (2015) Synthesis of Cu-Ce/KIT-6 materials for SOx removal. Appl Catal A Gen 504:110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2014.11.024
Gaudin P, Fioux P, Dorge S, Nouali H, Vierling M, Fiani E, Moliere M, Brilhac JF, Patarin J (2016) Formation and role of Cu+ species on highly dispersed CuO/SBA-15 mesoporous materials for SOx removal: an XPS study. Fuel Process Technol 153:129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.07.015g
Gawande MB, Pandey K, Jayaram RV (2012) Role of mixed metal oxides in catalysis science — versatile applications in organic synthesis. Catal Sci Technol 2:1113–1125. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cy00490a
Glomb S, Woschko D, Makhloufi G, Janiak C (2017) Metal-organic frameworks with internal urea-functionalized dicarboxylate linkers for SO2 and NH3 adsorption. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:37419–37434. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b10884
Guo JX, Shu S, Liu XL, Wang XJ, Yin HQ, Chu YH (2017) Influence of Fe loadings on desulfurization performance of activated carbon treated by nitric acid. Environ Technol 38:266–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2016.1189973
Hou Y, Zhang R, Han X, Huang Z, Cui Y (2017) The mechanism of CO regeneration on V2O5/AC catalyst and sulfur recovery. Chem Eng J 316:744–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.020
Hrdlička J, Dlouhý T (2019) Full-scale evaluation of SO2 capture increase for semi-dry FGD technology. J Energy Inst 92:1399–1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2018.09.002
Huang K, Deng X, Chen M (2017) Falling film evaporator for desorption of basic aluminum sulfate SO2-rich solution and enhancement of heat and mass transfer. Energy Fuel 31:13871–13882. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b02206
Huang K, Deng X, He F (2018) SO2 enhanced desorption from basic aluminum sulfate desulphurization-regeneration solution by falling-film evaporation. RSC Adv 8:5550–5558. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra12963g
Jiang B, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhang N, Huang Z, Chen Y, Sun Y, Tantai X (2019) Novel deep eutectic solvents for highly efficient and reversible absorption of SO2 by preorganization strategy. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:8347–8357. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06822
Kim C, Choi W, Choi M (2019a) SO2 -resistant amine-containing CO2 adsorbent with a surface protection layer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:16586–16593. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b02831
Kim MI, Im JS, Seo SW, Cho JH, Lee YS, Kim S (2019b) Preparation of pitch-based activated carbon with surface-treated fly ash for SO2 gas removal. Carbon Lett:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-019-00107-y
Kudłak B, Owczarek K, Namieśnik J (2015) Selected issues related to the toxicity of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents-a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:11975–11992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4794-y
Kumar A, McGrady GS, Passmore J, Grein F, Decken A (2012) Reversible SO2 uptake by tetraalkylammonium halides: energetics and structural aspects of adduct formation between SO2 and halide ions. Z Anorg Allg Chem 638:744–753. https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201100476
Kumar P, Pournara A, Kim KH, Bansal V, Rapti S, Manos MJ (2017) Metal-organic frameworks: challenges and opportunities for ion-exchange/sorption applications. Prog Mater Sci 86:25–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.01.002
Li B, Ma C (2018) Study on the mechanism of SO2 removal by activated carbon. Energy Procedia 153:471–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.10.063
Li X, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Zheng C (2015) SO2 absorption performance enhancement by ionic liquid supported on mesoporous molecular sieve. Energy Fuel 29:942–953. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef5022285
Li G, Wang Q, Jiang T, Luo J, Rao M, Peng Z (2017) Roll-up effect of sulfur dioxide adsorption on zeolites FAU 13X and LTA 5A. Adsorption 23:699–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-017-9887-0
Li L, Da Silva I, Kolokolov DI, Han X, Li J, Smith G et al (2019) Post-synthetic modulation of the charge distribution in a metal-organic framework for optimal binding of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Chem Sci 10:1472–1482. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8sc01959b
Liangliang Z, Shuying W, Yue G, Baochang S, Yong L, Haikui Z, Guangwen C, Jianfeng C (2019) Absorption of SO2 with calcium-based solution in a rotating packed bed. Sep Purif Technol 214:148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.03.065
Lidong W, Yongliang M, Wendi Z, Qiangwei L, Yi Z, Zhanchao Z (2013) Macrokinetics of magnesium sulfite oxidation inhibited by ascorbic acid. J Hazard Mater 258–259:61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.04.018
Liu Y, Shan Y, Wang Y (2020) Novel simultaneous removal technology of NO and SO2 using a semi-dry microwave activation persulfate system. Environ Sci Technol 54:2031–2042. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07221
Long G, Yang C, Yang X, Zhao T, Liu F, Cao J (2020) Bisazole-based deep eutectic solvents for efficient SO2 absorption and conversion without any additives. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:2608–2613. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b07735
Ma X, Li J, Rankin MA, Croll LM, Dahn JR (2017) Highly porous MnOx prepared from Mn(C2O4).3H2O as an adsorbent for the removal of SO2 and NH3. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 244:192–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.10.019
Ma Y, Yuan D, Mu B, Gao L, Zhang X, Zhang H (2018) Synthesis, properties and application of double salt (NH4)2.Mg(SO4)2·6H2O in wet magnesium-ammonia FGD process. Fuel 219:12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.055
Mathieu Y, Soulard M, Patarin J, Molière M (2012) Mesoporous materials for the removal of SO2 from gas streams. Fuel Process Technol 99:35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.02.005
Meimand MM, Javid N, Malakootian M (2019) Adsorption of sulfur dioxide on clinoptilolite/nano iron oxide and natural clinoptilolite. Heal Scope 8:69158. https://doi.org/10.5812/jhealthscope.69158
Meng X, Wang J, Jiang H, Zhang X, Liu S, Hu Y (2016) Guanidinium-based dicarboxylic acid ionic liquids for SO2 capture. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 92:767–774. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5052
Nieto-Márquez A, Atanes E, Morena J, Fernández-Martínez F, Valverde JL (2016) Upgrading waste tires by chemical activation for the capture of SO2. Fuel Process Technol 144:274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.01.009
Ning-Jie F, Jia-Xiu G, Song S, Jian-Jun L, Ying-Hao C (2017) Influence of textures, oxygen-containing functional groups and metal species on SO2 and NO removal over Ce-Mn/NAC. Fuel 202:328–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.035
Ogenga DO, Mbarawa MM, Lee KT, Mohamed AR, Dahlan I (2010) Sulphur dioxide removal using South African limestone/siliceous materials. Fuel 89:2549–2555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.04.029
Ozturk B, Yildirim Y (2008) Investigation of sorption capacity of pumice for SO2 capture. Process Saf Environ Prot 86:31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2007.10.010
Pedrolo DRS, De Menezes Quines LK, De Souza G, Marcilio NR (2017) Synthesis of zeolites from Brazilian coal ash and its application in SO2 adsorption. J Environ Chem Eng 5:4788–4794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.09.015
Pham XM, Pham DL, Hanh NT, Dang Thi TA, Thuy Giang LN, Phuong HT, Anh NT, Nhung HT, le GT, Hoang MH, Nguyen TV (2019) An initial evaluation on the adsorption of SO2 and NO2 over porous Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized by facile scalable method. J Chem 2019:9742826–9742827. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9742826
Poullikkas A (2015) Review of design, operating, and financial considerations in flue gas desulfurization systems. Energy Technol Policy 2:92–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/23317000.2015.1064794
Raghunath CV, Pandey P, Saini R, Mondal MK (2016) Absorption of SO2 and NO through an integrative process with a cost-effective aqueous oxidant. Perspect Sci 8:699–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.06.063
Rahmani F, Mowla D, Karimi G, Golkhar A, Rahmatmand B (2015) SO2 removal from simulated flue gas using various aqueous solutions : absorption equilibria and operational data in a packed column. Sep Purif Technol 153:162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.10.028
Razak HA, Abdullah N, Setiabudi HD, Yee CS, Ainirazali N (2019) Influenced of Ni loading on SBA-15 synthesized from oil palm ash silica for syngas production. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 702:012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/702/1/012024
Ren S, Hou Y, Tian S, Wu W, Liu W (2012) Deactivation and regeneration of an ionic liquid during desulfurization of simulated flue gas. Ind Eng Chem Res 51:3425–3429. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie202328c
Rodríguez-Albelo LM, López-Maya E, Hamad S, Ruiz-Salvador AR, Calero S, Navarro JAR (2017) Selective sulfur dioxide adsorption on crystal defect sites on an isoreticular metal organic framework series. Nat Commun 8:14457. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14457
Rosas JM, Ruiz-Rosas R, Rodríguez-Mirasol J, Cordero T (2017) Kinetic study of SO2 removal over lignin-based activated carbon. Chem Eng J 307:707–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.08.111
Roy P, Sardar A (2015) SO2 emission control and finding a way out to produce sulphuric acid from industrial SO2 emission. J Chem Eng Process Technol 6:1–7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7048.1000230
Salazar Hoyos LA, Faroldi BM, Cornaglia LM (2020) A coke-resistant catalyst for the dry reforming of methane based on Ni nanoparticles confined within rice husk-derived mesoporous materials. Catal Commun 135:105898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2019.105898
Sales RV, Moura HOMA, Câmara ABF, Rodríguez-Castellón E, Silva JAB, Pergher SBC et al (2019) Assessment of Ag nanoparticles interaction over low-cost mesoporous silica in deep desulfurization of diesel. Catalysts 9:651. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9080651
Savage M, Cheng Y, Easun TL, Eyley JE, Argent SP, Warren MR, Lewis W, Murray C, Tang CC, Frogley MD, Cinque G, Sun J, Rudić S, Murden RT, Benham MJ, Fitch AN, Blake AJ, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ, Yang S, Schröder M (2016) Selective adsorption of sulfur dioxide in a robust metal–organic framework material. Adv Mater 28:8705–8711. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602338
Severa G, Bethune K, Rocheleau R, Higgins S (2015) SO2 sorption by activated carbon supported ionic liquids under simulated atmospheric conditions. Chem Eng J 265:249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.12.051
Severa G, Head J, Bethune K, Higgins S, Fujise A (2018) Comparative studies of low concentration SO2 and NO2 sorption by activated carbon supported [C2mim][Ac] and KOH sorbents. J Environ Chem Eng 6:718–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.12.020
Sfechiş S, Abrudean M, Sas DM, Ungureşan ML, Clitan I, Mureşan V (2015) Modeling and simulation of the sulfur dioxide adsorption process in natural zeolites. Appl Mech Mater 811:35–42. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.811.35
Sheng K, Kang Y, Li J, Xu H, Li D (2020) High-efficiency absorption of SO2 by a new type of deep eutectic solvents. Energy Fuel 34:3440–3448. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b03619
Silas K, Ghani WAWAK, Choong TSY, Rashid U (2018) Breakthrough studies of Co3O4 supported activated carbon monolith for simultaneous SO2/NOx removal from flue gas. Fuel Process Technol 180:155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.08.018
Smith GL, Eyley JE, Han X, Zhang X, Li J, Jacques NM, Godfrey HGW, Argent SP, McCormick McPherson LJ, Teat SJ, Cheng Y, Frogley MD, Cinque G, Day SJ, Tang CC, Easun TL, Rudić S, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ, Yang S, Schröder M (2019) Reversible coordinative binding and separation of sulfur dioxide in a robust metal–organic framework with open copper sites. Nat Mater 18:1358–1365. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0495-0
Song X, Ma X, Ning G, Gao J (2017) Pitch-based nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon for flue gas desulfurization. Ind Eng Chem Res 56:4743–4749. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00054
Sumathi S, Bhatia S, Lee KT, Mohamed AR (2010) SO2 and NO simultaneous removal from simulated flue gas over cerium-supported palm shell activated at lower temperatures–role of cerium on NO removal. Energy Fuel 24:427–431. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef900843g
Sun S, Niu Y, Xu Q, Sun Z, Wei X (2015) Efficient SO2 absorptions by four kinds of deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:8019–8024. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01789
Sun Y, Sun G, Sage V, Sun Z, Zhang J, Zhang L (2017) Preparation of hybrid porous carbon using black liquor lignin impregnated with steelmaking slag and its performance in SO2 removal. Environ Prog Sustain Energy Environ Prog Sustai Energy 00:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10350
Sun Y, Yang G, Zhang L (2018) Hybrid adsorbent prepared from renewable lignin and waste egg shell for SO2 removal: characterization and process optimization. Ecol Eng 115:139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.02.013
Tailor R, Sayari A (2016) Grafted propyldiethanolamine for selective removal of SO2 in the presence of CO2. Chem Eng J 289:142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.12.084
Tailor R, Abboud M, Sayari A (2014a) Supported polytertiary amines: highly efficient and selective SO2 adsorbents. Environ Sci Technol 48:2025–2034
Tailor R, Ahmadalinezhad A, Sayari A (2014b) Selective removal of SO2 over tertiary amine-containing materials. Chem Eng J 240:462–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.11.002
Tian S, Hou Y, Wu W, Ren S, Wang C, Qian J (2015) Reversible absorption of SO2 from simulated flue gas by aqueous calcium lactate solution. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 54:71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.03.026
US EPA (2018) Fact sheet proposed decision primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur oxides. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-05/documents/fact_sheet_primary_so2_naaqs_npr_final.pdf accessed 15 march 2020
Vo HT, Cho SH, Lee U, Jae J, Kim H, Lee H (2019) Reversible absorption of SO2 with alkyl-anilines: the effects of alkyl group on aniline and water. J Ind Eng Chem 69:338–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2018.09.033
Wang P, Jiang X, Zhang C, Zhou Q, Li J, Jiang W (2017) Desulfurization and regeneration performance of titanium-ore-modified activated coke. Energy Fuel 31:5266–5274. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b03153
Wang A, Fan R, Pi X, Zhou Y, Chen G, Chen W, Yang Y (2018) Nitrogen-doped microporous carbons derived from pyridine ligand-based metal-organic complexes as high-performance SO2 adsorption sorbents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:37407–37416. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b12739
Wang A, Fan R, Pi X, Hao S, Zheng X, Yang Y (2019) N-doped porous carbon derived by direct carbonization of metal-organic complexes crystal materials for SO2 adsorption. Cryst Growth Des 19:1973–1984. research-article. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.8b01925
Wei L, Gao Z, Wang Y (2017) Integrated two-stage adsorption for selective removal of CO2 and SO2 by amine-functionalized SBA-15. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng 12:660–670. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.2108
World Health Organisation (WHO) (2018) Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health Accessed 31 March 2020
Wu W, Han B, Gao H, Liu Z, Jiang T, Huang J (2004) Desulfurization of flue gas: SO2 absorption by an ionic liquid. Angew Chem 116:2469–2471. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.200353437
Wu F, Yue K, Gao W, Gong M, Ma X, Zhou W (2020) Numerical simulation of semi-dry flue gas desulfurization process in the powder-particle spouted bed. Adv Powder Technol 31:323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.10.024
Yan Z, Liu L, Zhang Y, Liang J, Wang J, Zhang Z, Wang X (2013) Activated semi-coke in SO2 removal from flue gas: selection of activation methodology and desulfurization mechanism study. Energy Fuel 27:3080–3089. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef400351a
Yan L, Lu X, Wang Q, Guo Q (2014) Recovery of SO2 and MgO from by-products of MgO wet flue gas desulfurization. Environ Eng Sci 31:621–630. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2014.0004
Yang D, Hou M, Ning H, Zhang J, Ma J, Yang G, Han B (2013) Efficient SO2 absorption by renewable choline chloride-glycerol deep eutectic solvents. Green Chem 15:2261–2265. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3GC40815A
Yang L, Jiang X, Yang ZS, Jiang WJ (2015) Effect of MnSO4 on the removal of SO2 by manganese-modified activated coke. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:1689–1696. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie503729a
Yang D, Han Y, Qi H, Wang Y, Dai S (2017a) Efficient absorption of SO2 by EmimCl-EG deep eutectic solvents. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:6382–6386. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01554
Yang L, Jiang X, Jiang W, Wang P, Jin Y (2017b) Cyclic regeneration of pyrolusite-modified activated coke by blending method for flue gas desulfurization. Energy Fuel 31:4556–4564. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00125
Yang W, Zhang J, Ma Q, Zhao Y, Liu Y, He H (2017c) Heterogeneous reaction of SO2 on manganese oxides: the effect of crystal structure and relative humidity. Sci Rep 7:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04551-6
Yavuz R, Akyildiz H, Karatepe N, Çetinkaya E (2010) Influence of preparation conditions on porous structures of olive stone activated. Fuel Process Technol 91:80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.08.018
Yi H, Du C, Ma Y, Tang X, Zhao S, Gao F, Yang Z, Huang Y, Yang K, Xie X (2020) A novel semi-dry method for the simultaneous removal of Hg and SO2 using spray drying absorption method. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 95:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6328
Zhang Q, Gui K (2009) A novel semidry flue gas desulfurization process with the magnetically fluidized bed reactor. J Hazard Mater 168:1341–1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.019
Zhang L, Cui L, Li B, Wang W, Ma C (2010). Experimental Study of SO2 Removal by Powder Activated Carbon in Fluidized Bed Reactor. 2010 Asia-Pacific Power Energy Eng. Conf. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2010.5448224
Zhang Y, Wang T, Yang H, Zhang H, Zhang X (2015) Experimental study on SO2 recovery using a sodium-zinc sorbent based flue gas desulfurization technology. Chin J Chem Eng 23:241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2014.10.007
Zhang F, Cui G, Zhao N, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Wang J (2016a) Improving SO2 capture by basic ionic liquids in an acid gas mixture (10% vol SO2) through tethering a formyl group to the anions. RSC Adv 6:86082–86088. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra18589d
Zhang X, Feng X, Li H, Peng J, Wu Y, Hu X (2016b) Cyano-containing protic ionic liquids for highly selective absorption of SO2 from CO2: experimental study and theoretical analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 55:11012–11021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02588
Zhang Y, Lu D, Zhang JJ, Wu C (2016c) Synthesis and characterization of imidazolium poly (azolyl) borate ionic liquids and their potential application in SO2 absorption. RSC Adv 6:66078–66086. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra10356a
Zhang K, Ren S, Hou Y, Wu W (2017a) Efficient absorption of SO2 with low-partial pressures by environmentally benign functional deep eutectic solvents. J Hazard Mater 324:457–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.012
Zhang Q, Tao Q, He H, Liu H, Komarneni S (2017b) An efficient SO2-adsorbent from calcination of natural magnesite. Ceram Int 43:12557–12562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.06.130
Zhang Z, Wang J, Lang L (2018) Influence of key factors on the characteristics of flue gas desulfurization of basic aluminum sulfate by bubbles. ACS Omega 3:16369–16376. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b01855
Zhao Y, Hu G (2013) Removal of sulfur dioxide from flue gas using the sludge sodium humate. Sci World J 2013:573051–573058. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/573051
Zhao L, Li X, Qu Z, Zhao Q, Liu S, Hu X (2011) The NiAl mixed oxides: the relation between basicity and SO2 removal capacity. Sep Purif Technol 80:345–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.04.035
Zhao Y, Hao R, Qi M (2015) Integrative process of preoxidation and absorption for simultaneous removal of SO2, NO and Hg0. Chem Eng J 269:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.01.064
Zhao J, Ren S, Hou Y, Zhang K, Wu W (2016a) SO2 absorption by carboxylate anion-based task-specific ionic liquids: effect of solvents and mechanism. Ind Eng Chem Res 55:12919–12928. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02801
Zhao L, Bi S, Pei J, Li X, Yu R, Zhao J, Martyniuk CJ (2016b) Adsorption performance of SO2 over ZnAl2O4 nanospheres. J Ind Eng Chem 41:151–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2016.07.019
Zhi Y, Zhou Y, Su W, Sun Y, Zhou L (2011) Selective adsorption of SO2 from flue gas on triethanolamine-modified large pore SBA-15. Ind Eng Chem Res 50:8698–8702. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie2004658
Zhu F, Gao J, Chen X, Tong M, Zhou Y, Lu J (2015) Hydrolysis of urea for ammonia-based wet flue gas desulfurization. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:9072–9080. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02041
Zhu C, Duan Y, Wu CY, Zhou Q, She M, Yao T, Zhang J (2016) Mercury removal and synergistic capture of SO2/NO by ammonium halides modified rice husk char. Fuel 172:160–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.12.061
Zhu Z, Ma Y, Qu Z, Fang L, Zhang W, Yan N (2017) Study on a new wet flue gas desulfurization method based on the Bunsen reaction of sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle. Fuel 19:33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.01.045
Funding
This study was supported by Collaborative Research Grant (9023-00001) between the Universiti Malaysia Perlis and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hanif, M.A., Ibrahim, N. & Abdul Jalil, A. Sulfur dioxide removal: An overview of regenerative flue gas desulfurization and factors affecting desulfurization capacity and sorbent regeneration. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 27515–27540 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09191-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09191-4