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Source apportionment of settleable particles in an impacted urban and industrialized region in Brazil

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Abstract

Settleable particulate matter (SPM), especially coarser particles with diameters greater than 10 μm, has been found culprit of high deposition rates in cities affected by hinterland industrial activities. This is the case of Metropolitan Region of Vitoria (MRV), Espirito Santo, Brazil where industrial facilities are located within the urban sprawl and building constructions are intense. Frequent population complaints to the environmental protection agency (IEMA) throughout the years have triggered monitoring campaigns to determine SPM deposition rates and source apportionment. Eight different locations were monitored throughout the MRV, and SPM was quantified and chemically characterized. Sources profiles were defined either by using US EPA SPECIATE data or by experimental analysis. Atmospheric fallout in the MRV ranged between 2 and 20g/(m2 30-day), with only one monitoring station ranging from 6–10 g/(m2 30-day). EC, OC, Fe, Al, and Si were found the main constituents of dry deposition in the region. Source apportionment by the chemical mass balance (CMB) model determined that steel and iron ore pelletizing industries were the main contributor to one of the eight locations whereas resuspension, civil construction, and vehicular sources were also very important contributors to the other stations. Quarries and soil were also considered expressive SPM sources, but at the city periphery. CMB model could differentiate contributions from six industrial source groups: thermoelectric; iron ore, pellet, and pellet furnaces; coal coke and coke oven; sintering, blast furnace, and basic oxygen furnace; and soil, resuspension, and vehicles. However, the CMB model was unable to differentiate between iron ore and pellet stockpiles which are present in both steel and iron ore pelletizing industries. Further characterization of source and SPM might be necessary to aid local authorities in decision-making regarding these two industrial sources.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Espírito Santo Research Foundation (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Espírito Santo—FAPES), Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—CAPES) and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq) (Brazilian government agencies for technology development and scientific research).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), 29.060-910, Vitoria, Brazil

    Jane Meri Santos, Neyval Costa Reis Jr, Elson Silva Galvão, Elisa Valentim Goulart & Ana Teresa Lima

  2. State Institute of Environment and Water Resources of Espirito Santo (Instituto Estadual de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos do Espírito Santo - IEMA), Vitoria, ES, Brazil

    Alexsander Silveira

  3. Ecohydrology Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada

    Ana Teresa Lima

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  1. Jane Meri Santos
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  2. Neyval Costa Reis Jr
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Correspondence to Jane Meri Santos.

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Santos, J.M., Reis, N.C., Galvão, E.S. et al. Source apportionment of settleable particles in an impacted urban and industrialized region in Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 22026–22039 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9677-y

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