Abstract
This study presents the chemical composition of dry deposition by using dry deposition plate and water surfaces sampler during daytime and nighttime sampling periods at a near highway traffic sampling site. In addition, the characterization for mass and water soluble species of total suspended particulate (TSP), PM2.5 and PM10 were also studied at this sampling site during August 22 to October 31 of 2006 around central Taiwan. The samples collected were analyzed by using Ion Chromatography (DIONEX 100) for the ionic species analysis. Results of the particulate dry deposition fluxes are higher in the water surfaces sampler than that of the dry deposition plate. In other words, the results also indicated that water surface can absorb more ambient dry deposition inorganic pollutants than that of dry deposition plate in this study. The results obtained in this study indicated that the ionic species of Cl−, \(NO^{ - }_{3} \) and \(SO^{{2 - }}_{4} \) occupied about average 60~70% downward flux out of total ionic species for either dry deposition plate or water surfaces sampler during August to October of 2006 at this near highway traffic sampling site.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almeida, S. M., Pio, C. A., Freitas, M. C., Reis, M. A., & Trancoso, M. A. (2005). Source apportionment of fine and coarse particulate matter in a sub urban area at the Western European coast. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3127–3238.
Berico, M., Luciani, A., & Formignani, M. (1997). Atmospheric aerosol in an urban area – Measurements of TSP and PM10 standards and pulmonary deposition assessments. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 3659–3665.
Davidson, C. I., Lindberg, S. E., Schmidt, J. A., Cartwright, L. G., & Landis, L. R. (1985). Dry deposition of sulfate onto surrogate surfaces. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmosphere, 90, 2123–2130.
Davidson, C. I., & Wu, Y. (1990). Dry deposition of particles and vapors. In S. E. Lindberg, A. L. Page, & S. A. Norton (Eds.) Acidic precipitation: Sources, deposition and canopy interactions. (Vol. 3 (pp. 152–170). New York: Springer.
Dockery, D. W. (1998). An association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 1753–1759.
Dolske, D. A., & Gatz, D. F. (1985). A field intercomparison of methods for the measurement of particle and gas dry deposition. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmosphere, 90, 2076–2084.
Fang, G. C., Chang, C. N., Wu, Y. S., Fu, P. P. C., Yang, C. J., Chen, C. D., et al. (2002). Ambient suspended particulate matters and related chemical species study in central Taiwan, Taichung during 1998–2001. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 1921–1928.
Fang, G. C., Chang, C. N., Wua, Y. S., Fu, P. P. C., Yang, D. G., & Chud, C. C. (1999). Characterization of chemical species in PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols in suburban and rural sites of central Taiwan. The Science of the Total Environment, 234, 203–212.
Finlayson Pitts, B. J., & Pitts, J. N. (1986). Atmospheric chemistry: Fundamentals and experimental techniques. New York: Wiley.
Hall, D. J., & Upton, S. L. (1988). A wind tunnel study of the particle collection efficiency of an inverted frisbee used as a dust deposition gauge. Atmospheric Environment, 22(7), 1383–1394.
Hoff, R. M., Strachan, W. M. J., Sweet, C. W., Chan, C. H., Shackleton, M., Bidleman, T. F., et al. (1996). Atmospheric deposition of toxic chemicals to the Great Lakes: A review of data through 1994. Atmospheric Environment, 30(20), 3505–3527.
Holsen, T. M., Noll, K. E. (1992). Dry deposition of atmospheric particles: Application of current models to ambient data. Environmental Science and Technology, 26, 1802–1814.
Horvath, H. (1996). Black smoke as a surrogate for PM10 in health studies. Atmospheric Environment, 30, 2649–2650.
Noll, K. E., Fang, K. Y. P., & Watkins, L. A. (1988). Characterization of the deposition of particles from the atmosphere to a flat plate. Atmospheric Environment, 22(7), 1461–1468.
Odabasi, M., Bagiroz, H. O. (2002). Sulfate dry deposition fluxes and overall deposition velocities measured with a surrogate surface. Science of the Total Environment, 297, 193–201.
Odabasi, M., Sofuoglu, A., & Holsen, T. M. (2001). Mass transfer coefficients for polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the water surface sampler: Comparison to modeled results. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 1655–1662.
Odabasi, M., Sofuoglu, A., Vardar, N., Tasdemir, Y., & Holsen, T. M. (1999). Measurement of dry deposition and air–water exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the water surface sampler. Environmental Science and Technology, 33, 426–434.
Park, S. U. (1995). The effect of dry deposition on the groundlevel concentration. Journal of Korean Meteorological Society, 31, 97–115.
Pryor, S., & Barthelmie, R. J. (2000). Particle dry deposition to water surfaces: Process and consequences. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41(1–6), 220–231.
Putaud, J. P., Raes, F., Van Dingenen, R., Brüggemann, E., Facchini, M. C., & Decesari, S. (2004). A European aerosol phenomenology 2: Chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 2579–2595.
Samet, M. J. (2000). Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 US cities, 1978–1994. New England Journal of Medicine, 343, 1742–1749.
Shahin, U. M., Holsen, T. M., & Odabasi, M. (2002). Dry deposition measured with a water surface sampler: A comparison to modeled results. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 3267–3276.
Shahin, U. M., Li, Y. H., & Holsen, T. M. (1999). Dry deposition of gas phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to greased surrogate surfaces. Aerosol Science and Technology, 31, 446–55.
Stieb, M. D., Stan, J., & Burnett, R. T. (2002). Meta analysis of time series studies of air pollution and mortality: Effects of gases and particles and the influence of cause of death, age and season. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 52, 470–484.
Tasdemir, Y. (1997). Modification and evaluation of a water surface sampler to investigate the dry deposition and air–water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Ph.D. Thesis of Illinois Institute of Technology.
Tasdemir, Y., Odabasi, M., & Holsen, T. M. (2005). Measurement of the vapor phase deposition of polychlorinated bipheyls (PCBs) using a water surface sampler. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 885–897.
Tasdemir, Y., Odabasi, M., Vardar, N., Sofuoglu, A., Noll, K. E., & Holsen, T. M. (1997). Development and evaluation of a water surface sampler to investigate the deposition of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs). Environmental Research Forum, 7–8, 305–310.
Tasdemir, Y., Vardar, N., Odabasi, M., & Holsen, T. M. (2004). Concentrations and gas/particle partitioning of PCBs in Chicago. Environmental Pollution, 131, 35–44.
Valigura, R. A., Winston, T. L., Artz, R. S., & Hicks, B. B. (1996). Atmospheric nutrient input to coastal areas reducing the uncertainties. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 9. NOAA Coastal Ocean Office, Silver Spring, MD, 24pp.+4 Appendices.
Yi, S. M., & Cindoruk, S. S. (2007). The determination of gas phase dry deposition fluxes and mass transfer coefficients (MTCs) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using a modified water surface sampler (WSS). Science of the Total Environment, 381, 212–221.
Yi, S. M., & Holsen, T. M. (2005). Measurement of particle phase dry deposition fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with a water surface sampler. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 1845–1854.
Yi, S. M., Holsen, T. M., & Noll, K. E. (1997). Comparison of dry deposition and overall velocities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 128(3), 269–274.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chu, CC., Fang, GC., Chen, JC. et al. Dry deposition study by using dry deposition plate and water surface sampler in Shalu, central Taiwan. Environ Monit Assess 146, 441–451 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0090-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0090-8