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Gridded distribution of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and their chemical characterization over Delhi during winter

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Abstract

In the present study, total suspended particulate matter (TSP) samples were collected at 47 different sites (47 grids of 5 × 5 km2 area) of Delhi during winter (January–February 2019) in campaign mode. To understand the spatial variation of sources, TSP samples were analyzed for chemical compositions including carbonaceous species [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC)], water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN), water-soluble inorganic nitrogen (WSIN), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs), water-soluble inorganic species (WSIS) (F−, Cl−, SO42−, NO2−, NO3−, PO43−, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), and major and minor trace elements (B, Na, Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Zn, Cr, Mn, Cu, As, Pd, F, and Ag). During the campaign, the maximum concentration of several components of TSP (996 μg/m3) was recorded at the Rana Pratap Bagh area, representing a pollution hotspot of Delhi. The maximum concentrations of PAHs were recorded at Udhyog Nagar, a region close to heavily loaded diesel vehicles, small rubber factories, and waste burning areas. Higher content of Cl− and Cl−/Na+ ratio (>1.7) suggests the presence of nonmarine anthropogenic sources of Cl− over Delhi. Minimum concentrations of OC, EC, WSOC, PAHs, and WSIS in TSP were observed at Kalkaji, representing the least polluted area in Delhi. Enrichment factor <5.0 at several locations and a significant correlation of Al with Mg, Fe, Ti, and Ca and C/N ratio indicated the abundance of mineral/crustal dust in TSP over Delhi. Principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed for the source apportionment of TSP, and extracted soil dust was found to be the major contributor to TSP, followed by biomass burning, open waste burning, secondary aerosol, and vehicular emissions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Director, CSIR-NPL, New Delhi, and Head, Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-NPL, New Delhi, India, for their constant encouragement and support. The authors are also thankful to the Ministry of Earth Sciences for the financial support (MoES/16/19/2017-APHH) (DelhiFlux).

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  1. Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR – National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Ritu Jangirh, Sakshi Ahlawat, Rahul Arya, Arnab Mondal, Lokesh Yadav, Garima Kotnala, Pooja Yadav, Nikki Choudhary, Martina Rani, Rubiya Banoo,  Akansha Rai, Ummed Singh Saharan, Narayanasamy Vijayan, Chhemendra Sharma, Sudhir Kumar Sharma & Tuhin Kumar Mandal

  2. Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Ritu Jangirh, Sakshi Ahlawat, Rahul Arya, Arnab Mondal, Garima Kotnala, Pooja Yadav, Nikki Choudhary, Martina Rani, Rubiya Banoo,  Akansha Rai, Ummed Singh Saharan, Narayanasamy Vijayan, Chhemendra Sharma, Sudhir Kumar Sharma & Tuhin Kumar Mandal

  3. Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India

    Neeraj Rastogi & Anil Patel

  4. Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India

    Shivani & Ranu Gadi

  5. CSIR – National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Delhi Zonal Centre, New Delhi, India

    Priyanka Saxena

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  1. Ritu Jangirh
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Contributions

RJ has collected samples, done chemical analysis of organics, WSOC, metal using ED-XRF, and lead in the manuscript preparation. SA has collected samples and done chemical analysis of organics, WSOC, and nitrogen component and prepared extraction for ions. GK, RA, AM, LY, PY, NC, MR, RB, AR, and USS have collected samples over Delhi and contributed to the manuscript. NR and AP have assisted in WSOC and TN and contributed to the manuscript. Shivani and RG have assisted in the analysis of PAH and contributed to the manuscript. PS has analyzed metal using ICP-OEC and contributed to the manuscript. NV has assisted in metal analysis using ED-XRF and contributed to the manuscript. CS has contributed to the manuscript. SKS has analyzed OC, EC data and performed PCA and contributed to the draft of the manuscript. TKM has given conception and design of the study, guidance, analyzed the WSIS data, and contributed to the draft of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Tuhin Kumar Mandal.

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Jangirh, R., Ahlawat, S., Arya, R. et al. Gridded distribution of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and their chemical characterization over Delhi during winter. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 17892–17918 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16572-w

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