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Effects of a commonly used glyphosate-based herbicide formulation on early developmental stages of two anuran species

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Abstract

Environmental contamination, especially due to the increasing use of pesticides, is suggested to be one out of six main reasons for the global amphibian decline. Adverse effects of glyphosate-based herbicides on amphibians have been already discussed in several studies with different conclusions, especially regarding sublethal effects at environmentally relevant concentrations. Therefore, we studied the acute toxic effects (mortality, growth, and morphological changes) of the commonly used glyphosate-based herbicide formulation Roundup® UltraMax on early aquatic developmental stages of two anuran species with different larval types (obligate vs. facultative filtrating suspension feeders), the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) and the Mediterranean painted frog (Discoglossus pictus). While X. laevis is an established anuran model organism in amphibian toxicological studies, we aim to establish D. pictus as another model for species with facultative filtrating larvae. A special focus of the present study lies on malformations in X. laevis embryos, which were investigated using histological preparations. In general, embryos and larvae of X. laevis reacted more sensitive concerning lethal effects compared to early developmental stages of D. pictus. It was suggested, that especially the different morphology of their filter apparatus and the higher volume of water pumped through the buccopharynx of X. laevis larvae lead to higher exposure to the formulation. The test substance induced similar lethal effects in D. pictus larvae as it does in the teleost standard test organism used in pesticide approval, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), whereas embryos of both species are apparently more tolerant and, conversely, X. laevis larvae about two times more sensitive. In both species, early larvae always reacted significantly more sensitive than embryos. Exposure to the test substance increased malformation rates in embryos of both species in a concentration-dependent manner, but not at environmentally relevant concentrations. However, the assumed field safety, based on calculated surface water concentrations of the active ingredient (glyphosate), should be validated with realistic field data and buffer strips have to be urgently regarded to any aquatic amphibian habitat.

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Acknowledgments

Permissions were obtained with courtesy by the Landesuntersuchungsamt (Koblenz, Germany), the Veterinary Office Trier-Saarburg, and the Nature Conservation Authority Trier, Germany. N. W. is grateful for the financial support from the “Graduiertenkolleg 1319 – Verbesserung von Normsetzung und Normanwendung im integrierten Umweltschutz durch rechts und naturwissenschaftliche Kooperation” at Trier University, which was funded by the German Research Foundation. We thank Frank Pasmans from Gent University for providing eggs from captivity-bred D. pictus and Katja Flebel (Jena) for preparing the histological sections.

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  1. Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany

    Norman Wagner & Bruno Viertel

  2. Department of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology with Phyletic Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erbertstr. 1, 07743, Jena, Germany

    Hendrik Müller

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  1. Norman Wagner
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Wagner, N., Müller, H. & Viertel, B. Effects of a commonly used glyphosate-based herbicide formulation on early developmental stages of two anuran species. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 1495–1508 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7927-z

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