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Upregulation of antioxidant enzymes by exogenous gallic acid contributes to the amelioration in Oryza sativa roots exposed to salt and osmotic stress

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Abstract

The aim of this study is to elucidate the influence of the exogenous application of gallic acid (GLA) in alleviating the detrimental effects of salinity (NaCl), osmotic stress (polyethylene glycol; PEG), and their combination in Oryza sativa L. roots. To produce same osmotic potential (−0.5 MPa), 3-week-old rice seedlings were treated with 120 mM NaCl and/or 20 % PEG6000 with/without GLA (0.75 and 1.5 mM) treatments for 72 h. Both alone and combination of stresses decreased growth (RGR) and osmotic potential (Ψ Π). Moreover, stress caused a significant increase in proline (Pro) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents. Also, Pokkali and IR-28 had higher H2O2-scavenging enzyme activities including catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in NaCl-treated roots. Only CAT activity was induced in both cultivars with PEG. Therefore, the enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) were more pronounced under PEG than NaCl. However, GLA significantly mitigated NaCl and/or PEG-induced stress injury. Under salinity, TBARS was lesser in GLA-applied rice that was associated with greater activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and APX. GLA in the presence of PEG improved the activities of CAT and POX. According to these findings, GLA alleviated the damaging effects of NaCl and/or PEG (especially under NaCl) by improving the antioxidative system in rice. This is the first study elucidating the effects of GLA on tolerance to salinity, osmotic stress, and their combination in plants.

Pathways for ROS scavenging in plants. Abbreviations: GPX glutathione peroxidase; SOD superoxide dismutase; CAT catalase; APX ascorbate peroxidase; AsA ascorbate; GSH glutathione; DHA dehydroascorbate; DHAR DHA reductase; GR glutathione reductase; GSSG oxidized glutathione; MDA monodehydroascorbate and MDHAR MDA reductase. The graphical abstract was modified from Mittler (Trends Plant Sci 7:405–410, 2002) and Gill and Tuteja (Plant Physiol Biochem 48(12):909–930, 2010).

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Acknowledgments

Financial support for this work was provided by Necmettin Erbakan University Scientific Research Projects Coordinating Office (project number: 121215001).

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The authors have no conflicts of interests to declare.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Meram, Konya, Turkey

    Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci

  2. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Selcuk University, 42250, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey

    Evren Yildiztugay & Mustafa Kucukoduk

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  1. Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci
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  2. Evren Yildiztugay
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  3. Mustafa Kucukoduk
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Correspondence to Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci.

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Ozfidan-Konakci, C., Yildiztugay, E. & Kucukoduk, M. Upregulation of antioxidant enzymes by exogenous gallic acid contributes to the amelioration in Oryza sativa roots exposed to salt and osmotic stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 1487–1498 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3472-9

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