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What can blood biomarkers tell us about cardiovascular risk in obstructive sleep apnea?

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Abstract

Background

Despite its high prevalence and frequent association with multiple comorbidities, including hypertension, heart disease, and stroke, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) still lacks appropriate tools for cardiovascular risk assessment and stratification. Circulating biomarkers represent a safe, convenient, and inexpensive possibility, and several studies have been performed to define an ideal marker in this context. Additionally, biomarkers can provide insight into the pathological mechanisms of the disease and suggest new therapeutic approaches.

Methods

In the present review, the authors critically analyze the biomarkers of cardiovascular risk currently available and other potential markers, including brain natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), cysteine, homocysteine, free fatty acids, 8-isoprostane, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glycated hemoglobin, adipokines, and adhesion molecules.

Conclusion

The results clearly demonstrate that the relationship between specific biomarkers and OSA is often influenced by age, gender or ethnicity, which has hindered the identification of a unique marker for the evaluation of all patients with OSA. Moreover, given the frequency of comorbidities in OSA, which, by themselves, increase the cardiovascular risk, all confounding factors must be considered in the evaluation of these biomarkers.

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Grants

Dr. Veralice M. S. de Bruin was the recipient of a Research Grant from the Brazilian National Resarch Council – CNPq. Dr. Lia Bittencourt was the recipient of a Research Grant from the Brazilian National Resarch Council – CNPq. Dr. Sergio Tufik was the recipient of a Research Grant from the Brazilian National Resarch Council – CNPq.

Funding

This work was partially supported by the MCT/FINEP and the Brazilian National Research Council – CNPq, which are national government agencies for research. The authors alone are responsible for the contents of this review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Prof. Costa Mendes, 1608/4° andar, 60430-140, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

    Ivan Guerra de Araújo Freitas, Pedro Felipe Carvalhedo de Bruin & Veralice Meireles Sales de Bruin

  2. Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Lia Bittencourt & Sérgio Tufik

Authors
  1. Ivan Guerra de Araújo Freitas
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  2. Pedro Felipe Carvalhedo de Bruin
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  3. Lia Bittencourt
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  4. Veralice Meireles Sales de Bruin
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  5. Sérgio Tufik
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pedro Felipe Carvalhedo de Bruin.

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de Araújo Freitas, I.G., de Bruin, P.F.C., Bittencourt, L. et al. What can blood biomarkers tell us about cardiovascular risk in obstructive sleep apnea?. Sleep Breath 19, 755–768 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-015-1143-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-015-1143-9

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