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Plankton Response to a Mix of Environmental Stressors

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Abstract

Water ecosystems face enormous, variable anthropogenic stressors that contribute to water degradation. This study explores the effects of three substances frequently found in high concentrations in natural environments linked to agricultural areas on plankton abundance, composition, and trophic interactions. We conducted a microcosm experiment where we exposed a natural plankton assemblage to excess copper (Cu), atrazine (At), and dissolved organic matter (OM), along with a control group encompassing all possible treatment combinations. Each treatment was replicated three times (n = 24), and the experiment lasted 96 h. At the beginning and end of the experiment, relevant limnological variables, including inorganic dissolved nutrients, were measured. We used one-way ANOVA analyses with total abundances and species richness as response variables for data analysis. Results showed that the response of each plankton group to these substances was unequal, with some benefiting at tested concentrations. For example, Cu was beneficial for Chlorophyceae and Euglenophyceae, while CuOM was beneficial for Cyanobacteria and Cryptophyceae. Regarding zooplankton, Copepoda density was depleted in all treatments where stressors were combined and when exposed to OM compared to the control. When richness was considered, phytoplankton showed depletion in CuOMAt compared to OM and AtCu. No treatments affected zooplankton richness. Zooplankton:phytoplankton ratios showed significant effects for total zooplankton and Copepoda in all treatments compared to the control. These results indicate that the effects of contaminants on natural assemblages strongly depend on the plankton group and the combinations of contaminants, making predictions and extrapolations a challenging task that requires further study.

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Data are available upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank C. Mora for the nutrient concentration estimations and her help during the experimental setup. We also thank M. Licursi for her comments on the experiment design. The present manuscript was highly improved with the comments of anonymous reviewers.

Funding

This research was made possible by financial support from the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET) through the project grant PICT n° 1586–2019 awarded by D. Frau.

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  1. Instituto Nacional de Limnología (CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    Diego Frau & María Florencia Gutierrez

  2. Escuela Superior de Sanidad “Dr. Ramón Carrillo”, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    María Florencia Gutierrez

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DF and MFG contributed to designing, executing, and samples processing. DF analyzed data and wrote the manuscript, DF and MFG revised the manuscript.

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Frau, D., Gutierrez, M.F. Plankton Response to a Mix of Environmental Stressors. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 316 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-07117-1

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