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Responses of stream zooplankton diversity metrics to eutrophication and temporal environmental variability in agricultural catchments

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Abstract

Eutrophication of rivers and streams in agricultural lands is one of the main threats for biodiversity and ecosystem functions. This study was focused on seven subtropical streams where agriculture is the predominant land use. We tested the hypothesis that (i) eutrophication causes a decrease in taxonomic and functional diversity of zooplankton, leading to potential consequences for the ecosystem integrity. Furthermore, given that the temporal variability in the environmental conditions of each stream may influence the species sorting mechanisms, we also hypothesized that (ii) streams with higher temporal environmental variability have greater taxonomic and functional alpha (α) and temporal beta (βt) diversity measures regardless of the trophic state. Thus, we characterized the streams according to their trophic state and analyzed the zooplankton composition, α and βt by using taxonomic and functional perspectives. We found differences in the zooplankton composition between mesotrophic and eutrophic streams. However, eutrophic streams supported similar taxonomic and functional α diversity and similar taxonomic βt diversity to mesotrophic ones. These results were mainly explained by the occurrence of rare species occupying different temporal niches in eutrophic systems. On the contrary, functional βt diversity was lower in the eutrophic streams, being nestedness the ecological mechanisms underlying the variability in the zooplankton functional groups. Streams with higher temporal environmental variability supported greater α taxonomic diversity. However, the βt diversity metrics showed no correlation with the environmental variability, suggesting that the environmental filters of the studied systems were the overriding determinants of species turnover. Our study suggests that both taxonomic and functional perspectives should be considered to improve our knowledge on the biotic responses to environmental changes. Also, among all metrics analyzed on the zooplankton community, functional βt diversity was the most sensitive indicator of the eutrophication impact.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), and Agencia Santafesina de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (ASACTeI 2010-045-16, PI: Magdalena Licursi) for the financial support. We thank all members of the project, E. Creus for field assistance, C. Mora for her kind assistance with nutrients processing, and P. Scarabotti for providing information on fish species.

Funding

This study received financial support from Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), and Agencia Santafesina de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (ASACTeI 2010-045-16, PI: Magdalena Licursi).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Nacional de Limnología (CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    María Florencia Gutierrez, Diego Frau, Miguel Saigo & Magdalena Licursi

  2. Escuela Superior de Sanidad “Dr. Ramón Carrillo”, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    María Florencia Gutierrez

  3. Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais Rod. Ilhéus – Vitória da Conquista, km 39, BR 415, Ferradas, Itabuna, Bahia, 45613-204, Brazil

    Nadson R. Simões

  4. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    Miguel Saigo

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  1. María Florencia Gutierrez
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ESM 1

Appendix I: Characterization of zooplankton species according seven functional traits: mean body length, feeding type, food source, habitat, reproduction type, life cycle and escape ability. (XLSX 17 kb)

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Appendix II: Results of the ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests for the limnological and physicochemical variables of seven Pampean streams (S1-S7). (DOCX 19 kb)

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Appendix III: List of zooplankton species found in the seven Pampean streams (S1-S7). (XLSX 15 kb)

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Gutierrez, M.F., Simões, N.R., Frau, D. et al. Responses of stream zooplankton diversity metrics to eutrophication and temporal environmental variability in agricultural catchments. Environ Monit Assess 192, 792 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08766-5

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