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Advances in the Degradation of Emerging Contaminants by Persulfate Oxidation Technology

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Abstract

The activation of persulfate has received considerable attention for its potential application in the removal of pollutants. In recent years, various technologies have been developed to catalyze its activity, which can be classified into two main methods: homogeneous and non-homogeneous activation. Homogeneous activation methods encompass thermal activation, photoactivation, ultrasonic activation, electrical activation, microwave activation, and transition metal ion activation. What is more, non-homogeneous activation methods include activation through metal-based nanomaterials, MOF material activation, single-atom catalysts, piezoelectric effect activation, and carbon activation. In this review, it presents a comprehensive overview about the advantages and disadvantages of these activation methods, as well as the main reaction mechanisms. Additionally, chemical identification methods such as quenching, chemical probes, and isotope techniques are discussed. Furthermore, the article explores two characterization methods, electron paramagnetic resonance, in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, and their application in experimental studies. Finally, the current limitations of each technique and future research directions are discussed and prospected. This article aims to provide valuable insights into the various activation methods of persulfate and their applications in the field of environmental science and technology.

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Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

PFOA:

Perfluorooctanoic acid

PMS:

Peroxymonosulfate

PDS:

Peroxodisulfate

SMZ:

Sulfamethoxazole

SPS:

Sodium persulfate

PFAS:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

US:

Ultrasound

PS:

Persulfate

EPSs:

Extracellular polymers

UV:

Ultraviolet

PNT:

P-Nitrophenylmethane

FQs:

Fluoroquinolones

DFT:

Density functional theory

SMX:

Sulfamethoxazole

MW:

Microwave

PCP:

Pentachlorophenol

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

IPM:

Isopropylmethanol

NAP:

Naphthalene

ACT :

Acetaminophen

CFTS:

CuFeSnS

ATZ:

Atrazine

AO7:

Orange 7

OFX:

P-Oxofloxacin

RHB:

Rhodamine B

Nzvc:

Nano zero-valent copper

MOF:

Metal organic framework

BPB:

Butyl benzoate

SACs:

Single-atom catalysts

AOPs:

Advanced oxidation process

BTH:

Benzothiazole

PFRs:

Persistent free radicals

BPA:

Bisphenol A

MRSB:

Magnetic rape straw biochar

PCBs:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

TC:

Tetracycline

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes

CBZ:

Carbamazepine

WMF:

Weak magnetic field

LMCT:

Ligand-to-metal charge transfer

DFC:

Diclofenac

IBP:

Ibuprofen

TBA:

Tert-butanol

EPR:

Electron paramagnetic resonance

CSIA:

Compound-specific isotope analysis

TEMPO:

Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

FTIR:

Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy

MS:

Mass spectrometry

FT-ICR-MS:

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

TCS:

Triclosan

G-ND:

Graphitized nanodiamond

SDZ:

Sulfadiazine

TOC:

Total organic carbon

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Funding

This research was funded by National Nature Science Foundation of China, grant number 52000183 and Major program Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China, grant number 2021JC0001.

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Author notes

  1. Rongkui Su and Zishi Li contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Power China Zhongnan Engineering Corporation Limited, Changsha, 410004, China

    Rongkui Su & Xiangrong Dai

  2. Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, 410205, China

    Rongkui Su & Yiting Luo

  3. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China

    Rongkui Su, Zishi Li & Hanqing Wang

  4. Jiangxi Copper Industry Senior Technical School, Yingtan, 335400, China

    Fuhai Cheng

  5. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China

    Lei Huang

Authors
  1. Rongkui Su
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  2. Zishi Li
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  3. Fuhai Cheng
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  4. Xiangrong Dai
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  5. Hanqing Wang
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  6. Yiting Luo
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  7. Lei Huang
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis: R.S., Z.L., and F.C.; writing—original draft preparation: R.S. and Z.L.; writing—review and editing: R.S., Y.L., and L.H.; supervision: Y.L., H.W., and X.D.; project administration: R.S. and Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yiting Luo or Lei Huang.

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Su, R., Li, Z., Cheng, F. et al. Advances in the Degradation of Emerging Contaminants by Persulfate Oxidation Technology. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 754 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06770-2

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