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Cyanide Mitigation at Steel Metallurgical Process’s Effluent

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Abstract

Cyanide is the main organic pollutant obtained in the water bodies of steel manufacturing plants. Cyanide generation takes place during the pyrolysis of coal for coke formation. Organic compounds such as cyanide, ammonia, phenol, and others are found in bodies of water after the coke oven gas is quenched. Highly hazardous nature and fatality of cyanide demand its effective remediation, with environmental norms stating (< 0.2 ppm cyanide) must be fulfilled before its release. The objective of the review is to include all the studies till date and the discomfort associated with the techniques. The study emphasizes on both primitive and advanced scientific techniques employed around the globe for cyanide remediation. Advanced techniques are also accompanied with challenges such as in case of strong oxidants; the storage and handling of explosive oxidants can be of concern. Strong oxidants, such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide, or hypochlorite, are extremely effective, but they significantly increase chemical demand. Strong oxidants like H2O2 were found to be very explosive in nature, hence limit their uses. Greener bioremediation alternatives are available, but their longer reaction times are their main detriment. Because of their high effectiveness even in the absence of any chemical requirement, photocatalysts and their actions are intensely studied. Efficiency and economics being the primary parameter, this paper focuses on the sustainability and recovery of catalyst reagents. Alongside, how large-scale industries can utilize designated techniques for higher yield and economic benefits is also retrospected here.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

WWTP:

Wastewater treatment plant

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

WAD:

Weak-acid dissociable

SAD:

Strong-acid dissociable

AC:

Activated carbon

BAF:

Biological aerated filters

AOP:

Advanced oxidation process

GO:

Graphene oxide

GAC:

Granular activated carbon

SBBR:

Sequencing batch biofilm reactor

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

FCC:

Fluid catalytic cracking

EMSTM:

The engineered membrane separation treatment method

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

DLHF:

Dual layer hollow fibre

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research and Development Division, Tata Steel Ltd., Burma Mines, R&D Main Building, Jamshedpur, 831007, India

    Neha Pandey & Pinakpani Biswas

  2. NIT Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Road, A- Zone, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India

    Sunanda Dutta

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NP: conceptualization, methodology, software, writing—original draft preparation, visualisation, and supervision. SD: methodology, software, writing—original draft preparation. PB: reviewing, and supervision.

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Pandey, N., Dutta, S. & Biswas, P. Cyanide Mitigation at Steel Metallurgical Process’s Effluent. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 682 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06679-w

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