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Groundwater Quality, Hydrogeochemical Characteristics, and Potential Health Risk Assessment in the Bhubaneswar City of Eastern India

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Abstract

Rapid urbanization, population growth, anthropogenic factors, and unprecedented climatic conditions have led to the degradation of water resources which is a serious concern in many parts of the world. The present work will investigate the groundwater quality, hydrogeochemistry, and health risk assessment of Bhubaneswar City, in the eastern part of India. pH values range from 5.38 to 8.57 ± mean 6.7±0.68, indicating an acidic nature of groundwater. TDS ranges from 93 to 913 ± 316±171 mg/l. Based on values of the water quality index (WQI), 90% of groundwater samples are in the good to excellent category. Based on F− and NO3− concentrations, human health risk assessment represents high risks for non-carcinogenic risks, like 94% for children and 95% for adults. Major hydrogeochemical facies are dominated by, Ca-Mg-Cl, and Ca-HCO3 water types, indicating mixed water facies characteristics. Relatively higher levels of Ca2+, Mg2+, and lower SO42− concentrations with acidic pH have controlling the dissolution of ions in the sedimentary basin aquifer. Geochemical modeling of groundwater shows an undersaturation state to near saturation conditions for the carbonate phases and an undersaturation state with the sulfate phase minerals, respectively. The multivariate analysis reveals the contributions of geogenic and anthropogenic factors controlling groundwater chemistry. The study identifies the hydrogeochemical characteristics, probable health risks, and sustainable management plans for the protection of freshwater resources in urban areas.

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Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. The manuscript has data included as electronic supplementary material.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Dr. Prakash Kumar, Director of CSIR-NGRI, for his kind encouragement and permission to publish the manuscript. The kind help and assistance of Dr. Satyabrata Sahoo, a former research scholar, during the fieldwork is highly acknowledged. The manuscript no. is NGRI/Lib/2023/Pub-001.

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The authors did not receive support from any external funding agency. The authors get partial research support from Ravenshaw University and CSIR - National Geophysical Research Institute.

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  1. Department of Geology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, 753003, India

    Pallavi Nayak, Priyajit Samal, Somnath Khaoash & Patitapaban Mishra

  2. Hydrogeochemistry Division, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India

    Atulya Kumar Mohanty

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Contributions

P. N.: fieldwork, sampling, and chemical analyses; software analysis; writing—original draft

A. K. M.: conceptualization; methodology; investigation; resources; supervision; writing—original draft, review, and editing

P. S.: fieldwork and chemical analyses

S. K.: supervision; writing—review and editing; resources

P. M.: data interpretation; writing—editing.

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Correspondence to Atulya Kumar Mohanty.

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Nayak, P., Mohanty, A.K., Samal, P. et al. Groundwater Quality, Hydrogeochemical Characteristics, and Potential Health Risk Assessment in the Bhubaneswar City of Eastern India. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 609 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06614-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06614-z

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