Abstract
Due to rapid development and urbanization, electricity demand is increasing daily. Coal-based thermal power plants are one of the major sources of electricity. A by-product of thermal power plants is fly ash; every year, huge amounts of fly ash are generated globally. Disposal of fly ash in landfills needs a vast area and poses various environmental problems. So, various processes and new technology are needed to develop to utilize this gigantic amount of waste material to save the environment. The objective of this review paper is the eco-friendly utilization of fly ash powder to solve various environmental problems and to diminish disposal issues. This paper reports the fly ash utilization in the field of geopolymers, silica aerogels, zeolites, lightweight aggregates, and natural fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites, respectively. Further, the review also reports the various process parameters and the work done by various researchers.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Data will be made available on reasonable request.
References
Abdelmouleh, M., Boufi, S., Belgacem, M., & Dufresne, A. (2007). Short natural-fibre reinforced polyethylene and natural rubber composites: Effect of silane coupling agents and fibres loading. Composites Science and Technology, 67(7–8), 1627–1639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.07.003
Abdullah, M. M. A., Kamarudin, H., Mohammed, H., Khairul Nizar, I., Rafiza, A. R., & Zarina, Y. (2011). The relationship of NaOH molarity, Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio, fly ash/alkaline activator ratio, and curing temperature to the strength of fly ash-based geopolymer. Advanced Materials Research, 328–330, 1475–1482. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.328-330.1475
Ahmad, R., Wan Ibrahim, W. M., Abdullah, B., Al, M. M., Sandu, A. V., Mohd Mortar, N. A., Hashim, N., & Ahmad Zailani, W. W. (2020). Synthesis and characterization of fly ash based geopolymer ceramics: Effect of NaOH concentration. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 743(1), 012014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757899X/743/1/012014
Akhtar Javeed Hasan, N., Akhtar, N., Mahevi, S., Ahmed, F., & Altaf, S. (2019). Comparative study of phosphogypsum and phosphogypsum plus flyash mix concrete. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 31–38. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353165595
Alehyen, S., Achouri, M. E. L., & Taibi, M. (2017). Characterization , microstructure and properties of fly ash-based geopolymer. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, 8(5), 1783–1796.
Alomayri, T., Shaikh, F. U. A., & Low, I. M. (2014). Effect of fabric orientation on mechanical properties of cotton fabric reinforced geopolymer composites. Materials & Design, 57, 360–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.01.036
Ariöz, E., & Büke, G. B. (2021). Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions with fly ash based geopolymer foam. European Journal of Science and Technology, 28, 1437–1441. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1016237
Authority, C. E. (n.d.). Flyash_201819-Firsthalf.Pdf.
Baba, A., Gurdal, G., Sengunalp, F., & Ozay, O. (2008). Effects of leachant temperature and pH on leachability of metals from fly ash. A case study: Can thermal power plant, province of Canakkale, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 139(1–3), 287–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9834-8
Bhandari, R., Volli, V., & Purkait, M. K. (2015). Preparation and characterization of fly ash based mesoporous catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 3(2), 906–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.04.008
Bledzki, A. (1999). Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres. Progress in Polymer Science, 24(2), 221–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(98)00018-5
Blissett, R. S., & Rowson, N. A. (2012). A review of the multi-component utilisation of coal fly ash. Fuel, 97, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.03.024
BP Energy Outlook 2018. (2018). 2018 BP Energy Outlook, 125. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy-outlook-2018.pdf
Castillo, H., Collado, H., Droguett, T., Sánchez, S., Vesely, M., Garrido, P., & Palma, S. (2021). Factors affecting the compressive strength of geopolymers: A review. Minerals, 11(12), 1317. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11121317
Chen, F., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Wang, X., Chu, P. K., Chu, B., & Zhang, N. (2020). Fly ash based lightweight wall materials incorporating expanded perlite/SiO2 aerogel composite: Towards low thermal conductivity. Construction and Building Materials, 249, 118728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118728
Cheng, Y., Xia, M., Luo, F., Li, N., Guo, C., & Wei, C. (2016). Effect of surface modification on physical properties of silica aerogels derived from fly ash acid sludge. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 490, 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.11.055
Cong, P., & Cheng, Y. (2021). Advances in geopolymer materials: A comprehensive review. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 8(3), 283–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2021.03.004
Cuce, E., Cuce, P. M., Wood, C. J., & Riffat, S. B. (2014). Toward aerogel based thermal superinsulation in buildings: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 273–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.017
Cui, H. Z., Lo, T. Y., Memon, S. A., Xing, F., & Shi, X. (2012). Analytical model for compressive strength, elastic modulus and peak strain of structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 36, 1036–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.034
Das, D., & Rout, P. K. (2019). Utilization of thermal industry waste: From trash to cash. Carbon–Science and Technology, 11(2), 43–48.
Das, D., & Rout, P. K. (2021a). Synthesis, Characterization and properties of fly ash based geopolymer Materials. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 30, 3213–3231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05647-x
Das, D., & Rout, P. K. (2021b). Synthesis and characterization of fly ash and GBFS based geopolymer material. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 11(6), 14506–14519. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC116.1450614519
Das, D., & Rout, P. K. (2022). Synthesis of inorganic polymeric materials from industrial solid waste. Silicon, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-022-02116-5
Das, S. K., & Shrivastava, S. (2021). Siliceous fly ash and blast furnace slag based geopolymer concrete under ambient temperature curing condition. Structural Concrete, 22(S1). https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900201
Das, D., Das, A. P., & Rout, P. K. (2021). Effect of slag addition on compressive strength and microstructural features of fly ash based geopolymer. In Circular Economy in the Construction Industry (pp. 61–68). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003217619-9
Deb Barma, S., Sathish, R., Rao, D. S., & Prakash, R. (2021). Mechanistic investigation on the microwave-assisted leaching of low-grade coal for low-ash coal production. Separation Science and Technology, 56(18), 3151–3166. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2021.1878374
Debnath, K., Das, D., & Kumar Rout, P. (2022). Effect of mechanical milling of fly ash powder on compressive strength of geopolymer. Materials Today: Proceedings, 68, 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.321
Dindi, A., Quang, D. V., Vega, L. F., Nashef, E., & Abu-Zahra, M. R. M. (2019). Applications of fly ash for CO2 capture, utilization, and storage. Journal of CO2 Utilization, 29(November 2018), 82–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2018.11.011
Do, N. H. N., Tran, H. G., Doan, H. L. X., Pham, N. Q., Le, K. A., & Le, P. K. (2021). Advanced fabrication of lightweight aerogels from fly ash for thermal insulation. Science & Technology Development Journal–Engineering and Technology, 3(4), first. https://doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v3i4.786
Duxson, P., Fernández-Jiménez, A., Provis, J. L., Lukey, G. C., Palomo, A., & Van Deventer, J. S. J. (2007). Geopolymer technology: The current state of the art. Journal of Materials Science, 42(9), 2917–2933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z
Fan, F., Liu, Z., Xu, G., Peng, H., & Cai, C. S. (2018). Mechanical and thermal properties of fly ash based geopolymers. Construction and Building Materials, 160, 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.023
Fauzi, A., Fadhil, M., Malkawi, A. B., Mustafa, M., & Bakri, A. (2016). Study of fly ash characterization as a cementitious material. Procedia Engineering, 148, 487–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.535
Feng, S., & Li, Y. (2021). Study on coal fly ash classified by bulk density. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1732(1), 012127. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1732/1/012127
Gupt, C. B., Kushwaha, A., Prakash, A., Chandra, A., Goswami, L., & Sekharan, S. (2021). Mitigation of groundwater pollution: heavy metal retention characteristics of fly ash based liner materials. Fate and Transport of Subsurface Pollutants, 24, 79–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6564-9_5
Gesoğlu, M., Özturan, T., & Güneyisi, E. (2007). Effects of fly ash properties on characteristics of cold-bonded fly ash lightweight aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 21(9), 1869–1878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.038
Ghafoor, M. T., Khan, Q. S., Qazi, A. U., Sheikh, M. N., & Hadi, M. N. S. (2021). Influence of alkaline activators on the mechanical properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete cured at ambient temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 273, 121752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121752
Gollakota, A. R. K., Volli, V., & Shu, C. M. (2019). Progressive utilisation prospects of coal fly ash: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 672, 951–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.337
Güneyisi, E., Gesoǧlu, M., Pürsünlü, Ö., & Mermerdaş, K. (2013). Durability aspect of concretes composed of cold bonded and sintered fly ash lightweight aggregates. Composites Part B: Engineering, 53, 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.04.070
Guo, X., Shi, H., & Dick, W. A. (2010). Compressive strength and microstructural characteristics of class C fly ash geopolymer. Cement and Concrete Composites, 32(2), 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.11.003
Han, L., Wang, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Jin, Y., Li, J., & Wang, D. (2020). Synthesis of fly ash-based self-supported zeolites foam geopolymer via saturated steam treatment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 393(March), 122468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122468
Jala, S., & Goyal, D. (2006). Fly ash as a soil ameliorant for improving crop production—A review. Bioresource Technology, 97(9), 1136–1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.09.004
Jamkar, S. S., Ghugal, Y. M., & Patankar, S. V. (2013). Effect of fly ash fineness on workability and compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. Indian Concrete Journal, 87(4), 57–62.
Janne, P. S., & N., & Michael Angelo B., P. (2018). Development of abaca fiber-reinforced foamed fly ash geopolymer. MATEC Web of Conferences, 156, 05018. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815605018
Jaworek, A., Sobczyk, A. T., Krupa, A., Marchewicz, A., Czech, T., Śliwiński, Ł., & Boryczko, G. (2021). Hybrid electrostatic filtration system for fly ash particles emission control. Journal of Electrostatics, 114, 103628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2021.103628
Jiang, X., Zhang, Y., Xiao, R., Polaczyk, P., Zhang, M., Hu, W., et al. (2020). A comparative study on geopolymers synthesized by different classes of fly ash after exposure to elevated temperatures. Journal of Cleaner Production, 270, 122500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122500
Kabir, M. M., Wang, H., Lau, K. T., & Cardona, F. (2012). Chemical treatments on plant-based natural fibre reinforced polymer composites: An overview. Composites Part B: Engineering, 43(7), 2883–2892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.053
Kang, A. H., Shang, K., Ye, D. D., Wang, Y. T., Wang, H., Zhu, Z. M., et al. (2017). Rejuvenated fly ash in poly (vinyl alcohol)-based composite aerogels with high fire safety and smoke suppression. Chemical Engineering Journal, 327, 992–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.06.158
Kasar, A. K., Gupta, N., Rohatgi, P. K., & Menezes, P. L. (2020). A brief review of fly ash as reinforcement for composites with improved mechanical and tribological properties. Jom, 72(6), 2340–2351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04170-z
Kayali, O. (2008). Fly ash lightweight aggregates in high performance concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 22(12), 2393–2399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.09.001
Khadse, A., Qayyumi, M., Mahajani, S., & Aghalayam, P. (2007). Underground coal gasification: A new clean coal utilization technique for India. Energy, 32(11), 2061–2071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.04.012
Khan, S. A., Din, Z. U., & Ihsanullah, A. Z. (2011). Levels of selected heavy metals in drinking water of Peshawar city. International Journal of Science and Nature, 2(3), 648–652.
Kistler, S. S. (1931). Coherent expanded aerogels and jellies. Nature, 127(3211), 741.
Kolbe, J. L., Lee, L. S., Jafvert, C. T., & Murarka, I. P. (2011). Use of alkaline coal ash for reclamation of a former strip mine (pp. 1–15). USA: World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference.
Komljenović, M., Baščarević, Z., & Bradić, V. (2010). Mechanical and microstructural properties of alkali-activated fly ash geopolymers. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181(1–3), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.064
Korniejenko, K., Frączek, E., Pytlak, E., & Adamski, M. (2016). Mechanical properties of geopolymer composites reinforced with natural fibers. Procedia Engineering, 151, 388–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.395
Koshy, N., Dondrob, K., Hu, L., Wen, Q., & Meegoda, J. N. (2019). Synthesis and characterization of geopolymers derived from coal gangue, fly ash and red mud. Construction and Building Materials, 206, 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.076
Kotwal, A. R., Kim, Y. J., Hu, J., & Sriraman, V. (2015). Characterization and early age physical properties of ambient cured geopolymer mortar based on class C fly ash. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 9(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-014-0085-0
Kourti, I., & Cheeseman, C. R. (2010). Properties and microstructure of lightweight aggregate produced from lignite coal fly ash and recycled glass. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(11), 769–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.12.006
Kumar, R., & Mayengbam, S. S. (2021). Enhancement of the thermal durability of fly ash-based geopolymer paste by incorporating potassium feldspar. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A, 102(1), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-020-00498-6
Kumar, S., Kristály, F., & Mucsi, G. (2015). Geopolymerisation behaviour of size fractioned fly ash. Advanced Powder Technology, 26(1), 24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2014.09.001
Lal, B. R. R., & Mandal, J. N. (2013). Study of cellular reinforced fly ash under triaxial loading conditions. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 7(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1179/1938636212Z.0000000001
Li, Y., Li, L., & Yu, J. (2017). Applications of Zeolites in sustainable chemistry. Chem, 3(6), 928–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.009
Lo, T. Y., Cui, H., Memon, S. A., & Noguchi, T. (2016). Manufacturing of sintered lightweight aggregate using high-carbon fly ash and its effect on the mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 753–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.001
Lu, Y., Li, X., Yin, X., Utomo, H. D., Tao, N. F., & Huang, H. (2018). Silica aerogel as super thermal and acoustic insulation materials. Journal of Environmental Protection, 9, 295–308. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2018.94020
Ma, Y., Hu, J., & Ye, G. (2012). The effect of activating solution on the mechanical strength, reaction rate, mineralogy, and microstructure of alkali-activated fly ash. Journal of Materials Science, 47(11), 4568–4578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6316-3
Maher, M. H., & Balaguru, P. N. (1993). Properties of flowable high-volume fly ash-cement composite. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 5(2), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1993)5:2(212)
Makgabutlane, B., Nthunya, L. N., Musyoka, N., Dladla, B. S., Nxumalo, E. N., & Mhlanga, S. D. (2020). Microwave-assisted synthesis of coal fly ash-based zeolites for removal of ammonium from urine. RSC Advances, 10(4), 2416–2427. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra10114d
Mudgal, M., Chouhan, R. K., & Shailesh Kushwah, A. K. S. (2020). Enhancing reactivity and properties of fly-ash-based solid-form geopolymer via ball-milling. Emerging Materials Research, 9(1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.19.00065
Mohanty, A. K., Misra, M., & Hinrichsen, G. (2000). Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 276–277(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1439-2054(20000301)276:1%3c1::AID-MAME1%3e3.0.CO;2-W
Mwaikambo, L. Y., & Ansell, M. P. (1999). The effect of chemical treatment on the properties of hemp, sisal, jute and kapok for composite reinforcement. Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie, 272(1), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-9505(19991201)272:1%3c108::AID-APMC108%3e3.0.CO;2-9
Nadeem Akhtar, M., & Tarannum, N. (2019). Flyash as a resource material in construction industry: A clean approach to environment management. In Sustainable Construction and Building Materials. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82078
Nadesan, M. S., & Dinakar, P. (2017). Structural concrete using sintered flyash lightweight aggregate : A review. Construction and Building Materials, 154, 928–944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.005
Naik, B., Kumar Bagal, D., & Pradhan, S. S. (2019). Mechanical characterization based on partial replacement analysis of Portland Pozzolana cement with Industrial waste in M30 grade concrete. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 14, 35–53.
Nasvi, M. C. M., Ranjith, P. G., Sanjayan, J., & Bui, H. (2014). Effect of temperature on permeability of geopolymer: A primary well sealant for carbon capture and storage wells. Fuel, 117(PART A), 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.09.007
Nath, S. K. (2018). Geopolymerization behavior of ferrochrome slag and fly ash blends. Construction and Building Materials, 181, 487–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.070
Nath, S. K., Maitra, S., Mukherjee, S., & Kumar, S. (2016). Microstructural and morphological evolution of fly ash based geopolymers. Construction and Building Materials, 111, 758–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.106
Naveed, A., Noor-Ul-Amin Saeed, F., Khraisheh, M., Al Bakri, M., & Gul, S. (2019). Synthesis and characterization of fly ash based geopolymeric membrane for produced water treatment. Desalination and Water Treatment, 161(July), 126–131. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24283
Niklioć, I., Marković, S., Janković-Častvan, I., Radmilović, V. V., Karanović, L., Babić, B., & Radmilović, V. R. (2016). Modification of mechanical and thermal properties of fly ash-based geopolymer by the incorporation of steel slag. Materials Letters, 176, 301–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.04.121
Niraj, N., Murari, K., & Dey, A. (2018). Tribological behaviour of magnesium metal matrix composites reinforced with fly ash cenosphere. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(9), 20138–20144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.382
Niu, Y., Zhao, Y., Xi, B., Hu, X., Xia, X., Wang, L., et al. (2012). Removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions using synthetic zeolite obtained from coal fly-ash. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 21(7), 1732–1739.
Nyale, S. M., Babajide, O. O., Birch, G. D., Böke, N., & Petrik, L. F. (2013). Synthesis and characterization of coal fly ash-based foamed geopolymer. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 18, 722–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.04.098
Pandian, N. S. (2004). Fly ash characterization with reference to geotechnical applications. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 84(6), 189–216.
Panias, D., Giannopoulou, I. P., & Perraki, T. (2007). Effect of synthesis parameters on the mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymers. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 3011-3246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.12.064
Park, M., Choi, C. L., Lim, W. T., Kim, M. C., Choi, J., & Heo, N. H. (2000). Molten-salt method for the synthesis of zeolitic materials I. Zeolite formation in alkaline molten-salt system. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 37(1–2), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(99)00196-1
Praharaj, T., Powell, M., Hart, B., & Tripathy, S. (2002). Leachability of elements from sub-bituminous coal fly ash from India. Environment International, 27(8), 609–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00118-0
Prochon, P., Zhao, Z., Courard, L., Piotrowski, T., Michel, F., & Garbacz, A. (2020). Influence of activators on mechanical properties of modified fly ash based geopolymer mortars. Materials, 13(5), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051033
Qin, X. H., Xu, J., Feng, Y., Tahmasebi, A., & Yu, J. L. (2014). An experimental study on production of silica aero-gel using fly ash from coal-fired power plants. Advanced Materials Research, 1010–1012, 943–946. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1010-1012.943
Querol, X., Moreno, N., Umaa, J. C., Alastuey, A., Hernández, E., López-Soler, A., & Plana, F. (2002). Synthesis of zeolites from coal fly ash: An overview. International Journal of Coal Geology, 50(1–4), 413–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(02)00124-6
Ram, A. K., & Mohanty, S. (2022). State of the art review on physiochemical and engineering characteristics of fly ash and its applications. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, 9(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-022-00472-6
Ramme, B., & Tharaniyil, M. (2013). Coal combustion products utilisation handbook (pp. 1–448). A We Energies Publication. https://www.we-energies.com/environment/pdf/ccp_handbook.pdf
Ranjbar, N., Mehrali, M., Behnia, A., & Alengaram, U. J. (2014). Compressive strength and microstructural analysis of fly ash / palm oil fuel ash based geopolymer mortar. Journal of Materials & Design, 59, 532–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.037
Ribeiro, R. A. S., Kriven, W. M., Ribeiro, M. G. S., & Sankar, K. (2013). Geopolymer reinforced with bamboo for sustainable construction materials. NOCMAT 2015 Proceedings, 1, 1–7.
Risdanareni, P., Schollbach, K., Wang, J., & De Belie, N. (2020). The effect of NaOH concentration on the mechanical and physical properties of alkali activated fly ash-based artificial lightweight aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 259, 119832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119832
Roy, R., Das, D., & Rout, P. K. (2022a). A review of advanced mullite ceramics. Engineered Science, 18, 20–30. https://doi.org/10.30919/es8d582
Roy, R., Das, D., & Rout, P. K. (2022b). Fabrication of mullite ceramic by using industrial waste. In Smart Cities (pp. 285–291). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003287186-13
Roy, R., Das, D., & Rout, P. K. (2022c). Mullite ceramics derived from fly ash powder by using albumin as an organic gelling agent. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 13(4), 339. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC134.339
Rożek, P., Król, M., & Mozgawa, W. (2018). Spectroscopic studies of fly ash-based geopolymers. Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 198, 283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2018.03.034
Rożek, P., Król, M., & Mozgawa, W. (2019). Geopolymer-zeolite composites: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 230, 557–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.152
Rudra Paul, T., Nath, H., Chauhan, V., & Sahoo, A. (2021). Gasification studies of high ash Indian coals using Aspen plus simulation. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, 6149–6155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.033
Sahoo, S., Selvaraju, A. K., & Suriya Prakash, S. (2020). Mechanical characterization of structural lightweight aggregate concrete made with sintered fly ash aggregates and synthetic fibres. Cement and Concrete Composites, 113, 103712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103712
Samantasinghar, S., & Singh, S. P. (2018). Effect of synthesis parameters on compressive strength of fly ash-slag blended geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, 170, 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.026
Sá Ribeiro, R. A., Ribeiro, M. G. S., Sankar, K., & Kriven, W. M. (2016). Geopolymer-bamboo composite–a novel sustainable construction material. Construction and Building Materials, 123, 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.037
Sharma, V., & Akhai, S. (2019). Trends in utilization of coal fly ash in India A review. Journal of Engineering Design and Analysis, 2, 12–16.
Shen, M., Jiang, X., Zhang, M., & Guo, M. (2020). Synthesis of SiO2–Al2O3 composite aerogel from fly ash: A low-cost and facile approach. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 93(2), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-019-05204-y
Shi, F., Liu, J. X., Song, K., & Wang, Z. Y. (2010). Cost-effective synthesis of silica aerogels from fly ash via ambient pressure drying. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 356(43), 2241–2246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.08.005
Singh, R. P., Gupta, A. K., Ibrahim, M. H., & Mittal, A. K. (2010). Coal fly ash utilization in agriculture: Its potential benefits and risks. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 9(4), 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-010-9218-3
Solikin, M., & Mulyanto, T. (2020). Mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete incorporated with high volume fly ash. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 821(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/821/1/012019
Swamy, R. N., & Lambert, G. H. (1981). The microstructure of Lytag aggregate. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, 3(4), 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(81)90038-5
Tanaka, H., Eguchi, H., Fujimoto, S., & Hino, R. (2006). Two-step process for synthesis of a single phase Na-A zeolite from coal fly ash by dialysis. Fuel, 85(10–11), 1329–1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.12.022
Tanaka, H., Fujii, A., Fujimoto, S., & Tanaka, Y. (2008). Microwave-assisted two-step process for the synthesis of a single-phase Na-A zeolite from coal fly ash. Advanced Powder Technology, 19(1), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1163/156855208X291783
Tian, X., Rao, F., Li, C., Ge, W., Lara, N. O., Song, S., & Xia, L. (2021). Solidification of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and immobilization of heavy metals using waste glass in alkaline activation system. Chemosphere, 283, 131240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131240
Tomeczek, J., & Palugniok, H. (2002). Kinetics of mineral matter transformation during coal combustion. Fuel, 81(10), 1251–1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00027-3
Tserki, V., Zafeiropoulos, N. E., Simon, F., & Panayiotou, C. (2005). A study of the effect of acetylation and propionylation surface treatments on natural fibres. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 36(8), 1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.01.004
Van Jaarsveld, J. G. S., Van Deventer, J. S. J., & Lorenzen, L. (1998). Factors affecting the immobilization of metals in geopolymerized flyash. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, 29(1), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-998-0032-z
Venkateswara Rao, A., & Haranath, D. (1999). Effect of methyltrimethoxysilane as a synthesis component on the hydrophobicity and some physical properties of silica aerogels. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 30(2–3), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(99)00037-2
Verma, C., Hussain, A., Madan, S., & Kumar, V. (2021). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in groundwater with respect to distance from ash pond by using heavy metal evaluation index. Applied Water Science, 11(3), 58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01390-9
Verma, C., Madan, S., & Hussain, A. (2016). Heavy metal contamination of groundwater due to fly ash disposal of coal-fired thermal power plant, Parichha, Jhansi India. Cogent Engineering, 3(1), 1179243. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1179243
Wang, H. L., Qi, H. P., Wei, X. N., Liu, X. Y., & Jiang, W. F. (2016). Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 supported SiO2-Al2O3 aerogels prepared from industrial fly ash. Cuihua Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 37(11), 2025–2033. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62546-9
Wang, N., Xu, H., & Li, S. (2019). A microwave-activated coal fly ash catalyst for the oxidative elimination of organic pollutants in a Fenton-like process. RSC Advances, 9(14), 7747–7756. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00875f
Wang, N., Sun, X., Zhao, Q., Yang, Y., & Wang, P. (2020a). Leachability and adverse effects of coal fly ash: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 396, 122725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122725
Wang, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, W., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., & Ren, Y. (2020b). Effects of Si/Al ratio on the efflorescence and properties of fly ash based geopolymer. Journal of Cleaner Production, 244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118852
Wesche, K., (1991). Fly ash in concrete: Properties and performance (pp. 1–356). CRC Press.
Wongsa, A., Kunthawatwong, R., Naenudon, S., Sata, V., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2020). Natural fiber reinforced high calcium fly ash geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 241, 118143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118143
Wu, X., Fan, M., Mclaughlin, J. F., Shen, X., & Tan, G. (2018). A novel low-cost method of silica aerogel fabrication using fly ash and trona ore with ambient pressure drying technique. Powder Technology, 323, 310–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.10.022
Xu, H., & Van Deventer, J. S. J. (2000). The geopolymerisation of alumino-silicate minerals. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 59(3), 247–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-7516(99)00074-5
Zhang, M. H., & Gjørv, O. E. (1990). Microstructure of the interfacial zone between lightweight aggregate and cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 20(4), 610–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(90)90103-5
Zimmermann, N. E. R., & Haranczyk, M. (2016). History and utility of zeolite framework-type discovery from a data-science perspective. Crystal Growth and Design, 16(6), 3043–3048. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.6b00272
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the “IERP”, Government of India bearing grant no: GBPI/IERP/17-18/44 dated 28th March 2018. The authors are grateful to the funding agency for their numerous supports.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Das, D., Rout, P.K. A Review of Coal Fly Ash Utilization to Save the Environment. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 128 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06143-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06143-9