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Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Ningxia, northwestern China

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Abstract

Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis are common intestinal pathogens that infect humans and animals. To date, research regarding these three protozoa in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia) has mostly been limited to a single pathogen, and comprehensive data on mixed infections are unavailable. This study aimed to evaluate the zoonotic potential of these three protozoa. In this study, small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes of Cryptosporidium; internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene of E. bieneusi; and SSU rRNA, glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), and beta-giardin (bg) genes of G. duodenalis were examined. DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, and sequence analysis were performed on fecal samples collected from 320 dairy cattle at three intensive dairy farms in Ningxia in 2021 to determine the prevalence and genetic characteristics of these three protozoa. The findings revealed that 61.56% (197/320) of the samples were infected with at least one protozoan. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 19.38% (62/320), E. bieneusi was 41.56% (133/320), and G. duodenalis was 29.38% (94/320). This study identified four Cryptosporidium species (C. bovis, C. andersoni, C. ryanae, and C. parvum) and the presence of mixed infections with two or three Cryptosporidium species. C. bovis was the dominant species in this study, while the dominant C. parvum subtypes were IIdA15G1 and IIdA20G1. The genotypes of E. bieneusis were J, BEB4, and I alongside the novel genotypes NX1–NX8, all belonging to group 2, with genotype J being dominant. G. duodenalis assemblages were identified as assemblages E, A, and B, and a mixed infection involving assemblages A + E was identified, with assemblage E being the dominant one. Concurrently, 11 isolates formed 10 different assemblage E multilocus genotypes (MLGs) and 1 assemblage A MLG and assemblage E MLGs formed 5 subgroups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on mixed infection with two or three Cryptosporidium species in cattle in Ningxia and on the presence of the C. parvum subtype IIdA20G1 in this part of China. This study also discovered nine genotypes of E. bieneusis and novel features of G. duodenalis assemblages in Ningxia. This study indicates that dairy cattle in this region may play a significant role in the zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp., E. bieneusi, and G. duodenalis.

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Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Abbreviations

SSU rRNA :

Small subunit ribosomal RNA

ITS :

Internal transcribed spacer

gp60:

60 KDa glycoprotein

bg :

Beta-giardin

gdh :

Glutamate dehydrogenase

tpi :

Triosephosphate isomerase

PCR :

Polymerase chain reaction

RFLP :

Restriction fragmentlength polymorphism

MLG :

Multilocus genotype

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Funding

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32260887) and Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (2022MS03023).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Ming-Yuan Wang, Shan Zhang and Zhan-Sheng Zhang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China

    Ming-Yuan Wang, Shan Zhang, Zhan-Sheng Zhang, Xiao-Yin Qian, Hai-Liang Chai, Yan Wang, Wen-Jun Fan, Chao Yi, Yu-Lin Ding, Li Zhao & Yong-Hong Liu

  2. Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China

    Yu-Lin Ding, Li Zhao & Yong-Hong Liu

  3. Inner Mongolia Saikexing Reproductive Biotechnology (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China

    Wen-Xiong Han

Authors
  1. Ming-Yuan Wang
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  2. Shan Zhang
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  3. Zhan-Sheng Zhang
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  4. Xiao-Yin Qian
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  5. Hai-Liang Chai
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  6. Yan Wang
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  7. Wen-Jun Fan
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  8. Chao Yi
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  9. Yu-Lin Ding
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  10. Wen-Xiong Han
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  11. Li Zhao
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  12. Yong-Hong Liu
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Contributions

MYW, SZ, ZSZ, LZ, and YHL conceived and designed the study and critically revised the manuscript. HLC, ZSZ, WXH, LZ, and YHL performed sample collection. MYW, SZ, ZSZ, XYQ, HLC, YW, WJF, CY, YLD and LZ conducted the laboratory experiments. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Li Zhao or Yong-Hong Liu.

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Declaration of generative AI in scientific writing

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Ethics approval

Our study was performed in strict accordance with the international standards published in the Guide to the Feeding, Management and Use of Experimental Animals (8th Edition) and followed the Regulations on the Management of Experimental Animals and other relevant laws and regulations. The study was approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (approval no. 2020 [081]). Additionally, permission was obtained from the farm owners prior to specimen collection, and all efforts were made to minimize animal suffering.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Wang, MY., Zhang, S., Zhang, ZS. et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Ningxia, northwestern China. Vet Res Commun (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-024-10364-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-024-10364-6

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