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Sol–gel fluorinated TiO2–clay nanocomposite: study of fluor-titanium interaction on the photodegradation of phenol

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Abstract

We investigated the effect of fluorination of a nanocomposite photocatalyst on phenol photodegradation. We synthesized a new photocatalyst (SG750, SBET = 16.58 m2 g−1) by a sol–gel route, using titanium (IV) tetrabutoxide- and pyrophyllite-type clay, respectively, as precursor and support. The samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM and DRS UV–Vis techniques. A fluorinated photocatalyst (F-SG750, SBET = 13.32 m2g−1) was synthesized with properties unlike other fluorinated photocatalysts reported in the literature. The results obtained prove that, contrary to other investigations in which the generation of free hydroxyl radicals (·OHfr) was increased with the fluorinated photocatalysts, in F-SG750 it resulted from the generation of surface hydroxyl radicals (·OHsf), which considerably increased. Consequently, the title photocatalyst gave rise to a higher photodegradation rate constant of phenol (kapp) than SG750. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the operational parameters in the phenol photodegradation under UV light with F-SG750 based on the composite central design (CCD). Optimal operational parameters were found to be a solution pH of 5, photocatalyst amount of 2.5 gL−1, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 8 mmol.L−1, temperature of 40 °C. Operating at optimized parameters, total degradation, 91% mineralization and non-toxicity were found, at 50 mgL−1 phenol during 2 h of degradation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would thank the Innovation Center of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez and the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research of Rabat (Morocco), for materials characterizations.

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  1. École Supérieure de Technologie de Khénifra, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Béni Mellal, Morocco

    Abdelali El Gaidoumi

  2. Laboratoire de Matériaux, Procédés, Catalyseet Environnement (LMPCE), École Supérieure de Technologie de Fès, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fès, Morocco

    Abdelali El Gaidoumi, Amal Loqman, Morad Zouheir, Karim Tanji, Oumaima Mertah, Abdelaziz Dra & Abdelhak Kherbeche

  3. Independent Scientist, Oujda, Morocco

    Brahim El Bali

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El Gaidoumi, A., Loqman, A., Zouheir, M. et al. Sol–gel fluorinated TiO2–clay nanocomposite: study of fluor-titanium interaction on the photodegradation of phenol. Res Chem Intermed 47, 5203–5228 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-021-04573-w

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