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Dark fermentation biorefinery in the present and future (bio)chemical industry

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Abstract

Dark fermentation, also known as acidogenesis, involves the transformation of a wide range of organic substrates into a mixture of products, e.g. acetic acid, butyric acid and hydrogen. This bioprocess occurs in the absence of oxygen and light. The ability to synthesize hydrogen, by dark fermentation, has raised its scientific attention. Hydrogen is a non-polluting energy carrier molecule. However, for energy generation, there is a variety of other sustainable alternatives to hydrogen energy, e.g. solar, wind, tide, hydroelectric, biomass incineration, or nuclear fission. Nevertheless, dark fermentation appears as an important sustainable process in another area: the synthesis of valuable chemicals, i.e. an alternative to petrochemical refinery. Currently, acetic acid, butyric acid and hydrogen are mostly produced by petrochemical reforming, and they serve as precursors of ubiquitous petrochemical derived products. Hence, the future of dark fermentation relies as a core bioprocess in the biorefinery concept. The present article aims to present and discuss the current and future status of dark fermentation in the biorefinery concept. The first half of the article presents the metabolic pathways, product yields and its technological importance, microorganisms responsible for mixed dark fermentation, and operational parameters, e.g. substrates, pH, temperature and head-space composition, which affect dark fermentation. The minimal selling price of dark fermentation products is also presented in this section. The second half discusses the perspectives and future of dark fermentation as a core bioprocess. The relationship of dark fermentation with other (bio)processes, e.g. liquid fuels and fine chemicals, algae cultivation, biomethane–biohythane–biosyngas production, and syngas fermentation, is then explored.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from Masdar Institute, to help fulfill the vision of the late President Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan for sustainable development and empowerment of the United Arab Emirates and humankind, funding project 2GBIONRG (12KAMA4). The authors would like to acknowledge Kevin Garvey, Academic Writing Lecturer at Masdar Institute for the manuscript language review.

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  1. Institute Center for Energy – iEnergy, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Juan-Rodrigo Bastidas-Oyanedel, Fabian Bonk, Mette Hedegaard Thomsen & Jens Ejbye Schmidt

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  1. Juan-Rodrigo Bastidas-Oyanedel
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Bastidas-Oyanedel, JR., Bonk, F., Thomsen, M.H. et al. Dark fermentation biorefinery in the present and future (bio)chemical industry. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 14, 473–498 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-015-9369-3

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