Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.: a critical review on current progress in traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological aspects and toxicity

  • Published:
Phytochemistry Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn., commonly known as garden quinine, is a perennial shrub that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It has been extensively used in various traditional medicinal practices to treat ailments such as rheumatic pain, arthritis, scrofulous, venereal disease, skin diseases, wounds, fever, cough, dysentery, and more. This review aims to critically examine a comprehensive compilation of recent research on C. inerme, encompassing its botanical characteristics, ethnomedical applications, phytochemicals, pharmacological activity, and toxicological data, in order to provide insights and inspiration for future research, promote further development, and facilitate the rational application of C. inerme. Nearly 95 chemical constituents belonging to different classes have been isolated from C. inerme, including diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, phenolic glycosides, lignans, iridoid and megastigmane glycosides. Notably, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and flavonoids are the main bioactive substances that have been extensively studied and demonstrated the most significant bioactivity. Pharmacological studies demonstrated that the extract of C. inerme exhibits a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiinflammatory, insecticidal, antifeedant, neuroprotective, anti-motor tic, and so on, which are closely connected to its numerous ethnomedicinal applications. Nevertheless, some literature have reported the toxicity of C. inerme. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct further in-depth studies encompassing toxicology, as well as preclinical and clinical research, to ascertain the safety and efficacy of C. inerme for medicinal purposes.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Adapted from the GBIF–Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF Secretariat 2022). Blue colored dots indicate the occurrence of C. inerme. (Color figure online)

Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AAE:

Ascorbic acid equivalents

ABTS:

2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)

ALP:

Alkaline phosphates

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

ATCC:

American type culture collection

Aβ :

Anti-amyloid-β

BCMV-BlCM:

Bean common mosaic potyvirus strain blackeye cowpea mosaic

CCl4 :

Carbon tetrachloride

COMT:

Catecholamine-o-methyl- transferase

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

DMBA:

7,12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl

EC50 :

Concentration for 50% of maximal effect

FBG:

Fasting blood glucose

FRAP:

Ferric reducing antioxidant power

GABAARs:

γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors

GAE:

Gallic acid equivalents

GSH:

Glutathione

HRBC:

Human red blood cell

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

IC50 :

Half maximal inhibitory concentration

i.p.:

Intraperitoneally injected

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

JHE:

Juvenile hormone esterase

JNK:

C-jun N-terminal kinase

KA:

Kainic acid

LC50 :

Lethal concentration 50%

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MBC:

Minimum bacteriocidal concentration

MCV:

Mouse corona virus

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MeOH:

Methanol

MFC:

Minimum fungicidal concentration

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MIH:

Methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

mutDISC1:

Disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 mutant

NF-κB:

Nuclear transcription factor-κB

NO:

Nitric oxide

OGTT:

Oral glucose tolerance test

PAM:

Positive allosteric modulator

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PCP:

Phencyclidine

PGE2 :

Prostaglandin E2

p.o.:

Oral administration

PPI:

Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle response

Ppm:

Parts per million

PVY:

Potato virus Y

QE:

Quercetin equivalents

RBC:

Red blood cell

SGOT:

Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

SGPT:

Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase

TC:

Total cholesterol

TAC:

Total antioxidant capacity

TFC:

Total flavonoid contents

TGL:

Triglycerides

THC:

Total haemoglobin count

TPC:

Total phenolic contents

WBC:

White blood cells

ZOI:

Zone of inhibition

References

  • Abass JM, Fayed AAM (2021) Induced resistance to potato virus Y potyvirus by plant extracts and salicylic acid. J Plant Prot Pathol 12(9):593–598

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdul Alim MA (1971) A chemical study of the leaves of Clerodendron inerme. Plant Med 19:318–321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Achar SK, Boosanur V, Shivanna MB (2015) Ethno-medico-botanical knowledge of Tiptur taluk in Tumkur district of Karnataka. India Indian J Tradit Knowl 1(1):147–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Achari B, Chaudhuri C, Saha CR, Dutta PK, Pakrashi SC (1990) A clerodane diterpene and other constituents of Clerodendron inerme. Phytochemistry 29(11):3671–3673

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Achari B, Giri C, Saha CR, Dutta PK, Pakrashi SC (1992) A neo-clerodane diterpene from Clerodendron inerme. Phytochemistry 31(1):338–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akihisa T, Ghosh P, Thakur S, Nagata H, Tamura T, Matsumoto T (1990) 24, 24-Dimethyl-25-dehydrolophenol, a 4α-methylsterol from Clerodendrum inerme. Phytochemistry 29(5):1639–1641

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Snafi AE (2016) Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Clerodendrum inerme-a review. SMU Med J 3(1):129–153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amirtharaj RV, Suresh V, Kumar RS (2010) Studies on anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of methanol extract of aerial part of Clerodendrum inerme in experimental animal models. Res J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2(5):421

    Google Scholar 

  • Anitha R, Kannan P (2006) Antifungal activity of Clerodendrum inerme (L). and Clerodendrum phlomidis (L). Turk J Biol 30(3):139–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Anwar L, Ishaq H, Sheikh D, Anwer U, Younas I, Ali SM (2016) Anti-anxiety effects and related locomotor activity of methanolic extract and fresh juice of Clerodendrum inerme leaves, in wistar rats. Sci Int 28(1):307–312

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arumugam D, Ganesan S, Marikkannu KKA (2022) Molecular docking analysis of mTOR protein kinase with chromatographically characterized compounds from Clerodendrum inerme L. leaves extract. Bioinformation 18(4):381–386

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Arya MC, Kadabinakatti SK, Kumar R (2014) Study of efficacy of Clerodendron inerme Gaertn. leaf extract against Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus). Nat Sci 12(9):22–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashton MS, Gunatilleke S, De Zoysa N, Dassanayake MD, Gunatilleke N, Wijesundera S (1997) A field guide to the common trees and shrubs of Sri Lanka. WHT Publications, Colombo

    Google Scholar 

  • Azmi MA (2004) Toxicity of Clerodendrum inerme extract and cyhalothrin against Rhizopertha dominica PARC strain and their effect on acid phosphatase and cholinesterase activity. Pak J Sci Ind Res B Biol Sci 47(5):394–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Barman M, Ray S (2023) Cytogenotoxic effects of 3-epicaryoptin in Allium cepa L. root apical meristem cells. Protoplasma 260:1163–1177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat KG (2003) Flora of Udupi. Indian Naturalist, Udupi

  • Bhushan B, Sardana S, Bansal G (2014) Acute and sub-acute toxicity study of Clerodendrum inerme, Jasminum mesnyi Hance and Callistemon citrinus. J Acute Dis 3(4):324–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan B, Sardana S, Bansal G (2015) Anti-diabetic potentials of Clerodendrum inerme, Jasminum mesyni Hance and Callistemon citrinus on nicotinamide-streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. Int J Phytomed 7(2):136–141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhutia DD, Zhimo Y, Kole R, Saha J (2016) Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Colletotrichum musae, the postharvest anthracnose pathogen of banana cv. Martaman. Nutr Food Sci 46(1):2–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calis G, Hosny M, Yürüker A (1994a) Inerminosides A1, C and D, three iridoid glycosides from Clerodendrum inerme. Phytochemistry 37(4):1083–1085

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calis I, Honsy M, Yurker A, Wright AO, Sticher O (1994b) Inerminosides A and B two novel complex iridoid glycosides form Clerodendron inerme. J Nat Prod 57:494–500

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chahal JK, Sarin R, Malwal M (2010) Efficacy of Clerodendrum inerme L. (garden quinine) against some human pathogenic strains. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 1(4):219–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen HL, Lee HJ, Huang WJ, Chou JF, Fan PC, Du JC, Ku YL, Chiou LC (2012) Clerodendrum inerme leaf extract alleviates animal behaviors, hyperlocomotion, and prepulse inhibition disruptions, mimicking tourette syndrome and schizophrenia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012:284301

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chethana GS, Hari Venkatesh KR, Gopinath SM (2013a) Review on Clerodendrum inerme. J Pharm Sci Innov 2(2):38–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chethana GS, Savitha H, Jyothi N, Venkatesh KR, Gopinath SM (2013b) Pharmacognostical investigations on different parts of Clerodendrum Inerme. Global J Res Med Plants Indigen Med 2(7):485–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC (1986) Glossary of Indian medicinal plants (including the supplement). Publisher Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC (1956) Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi

  • Chouhan MK, Hurakadle PJ, Hegde HV (2018) Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. extract exerts anticancer activity on lung cancer cells. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci 17(2):191–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chourasiya RK, Jain PK, Jain SK, Nayak SS, Agrawal RK (2010) In-vitro antioxidant activity of Clerodendron inerme (L.) Gaertn leaves. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 1(1):119–123

    Google Scholar 

  • DeFilipps RA, Krupnick GA (2018) The medicinal plants of Myanmar. Phyto Keys 102:1–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Deka MK, Singh K, Handique R (2018) Antifeedant and repellent properties of Clerodendron inerme and Polygonum orientale against tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora waterhouse. Two & a Bud, vol 65, No (1&2)

  • Deka MK, Saikia GK (2011) Antifeedant and growth regulatory effects of Clerodendron inerme (Linn.) Gaertn. and Lantana camara L. extracts on tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora waterhouse (Hemiptera: Miridae). Pestic Res J 23(1):32–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Deka MK, Singh K (2005) Effect of aqueous plant extracts of Clerodendron inerme and Polygonum orientale on growth and development of tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse). Ind J Ent 67:93–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Devarshi AA, Yankanchi SR (2017) Ovicidal and toxic effects of certain plant extracts to the castor semilooper, Achaea janata L. (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). Indian J Agric Res 51(4):345–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Drury CH (1858) The useful plants of India. Central Secretariat Library, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke JA, Ayensu ES (1985) Medicinal plants of China. Reference Publications, Inc., Algona

    Google Scholar 

  • Elankani P, Shakila R, Ganesan RK, Vinayagamoorthy K (2016) Cytotoxic studies on selected medicinal plants. Eur J Biomed Pharm Sci 3(3):446–449

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elaskary HI, Sabry OM, Khalil AM, El Zalabani SM (2020) UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS profiling of Clerodendrum inerme and Clerodendrum splendens and significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pharmacogn J 12(6s):1518–1524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Ghar GES, El-Sheikh AE (1987) Effectiveness of some plant extracts as surface protectants of cowpea seeds against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis. Phytoparasitica 15(2):109–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Shamy AM, El-Shabrawy ARO, El-Fiki N (1996) Phytochemical study of Clerodendron inerme L. growing in Egypt. Zagazig J Pharm Sci 5(2):49–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan PC, Huang WJ, Chiou LC (2009) Intractable chronic motor tics dramatically respond to Clerodendrum inerme (L) Gaertn. J Child Neurol 24:887–890

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fauvel MT, Gleye J, Andary C (1989) Verbascoside: a constituent of Clerodendrum inerme. Planta Med 55(6):577–577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • GBIF Secretariat (2022) Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. GBIF backbone taxonomy. (Accessed 7 May 2023)

  • George M, Joseph L (2008) Hepatoprotective effect of Clerodendrum inerme. Linn ethanolic extract. East Cent Afr J Pharm Sci 11(2):49–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopal N, Sengottuvelu S (2008) Hepatoprotective activity of Clerodendrum inerme against CCl4 induced hepatic injury in rats. Fitoterapia 79(1):24–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Govindachari TR, Suresh G, Gopalakrishan G, Wesley SD, Singh NP (1999) Antifeedant activity of some diterpenoids. Fitoterapia 70(3):269–274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guessan KN, Zirihi GN, Mea A (2010) Hypotensive effect of aqueous extract of Clerodendrum inerme leaves on the arterial pressure of rabbits. Int J Pharm Biomed Res 1(2):73–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurudeeban S, Satyavani K, Ramanathan T, Umamaheshwari G, Shanmugapriya R (2010) Antioxidant and radical scavenging effect of Clerodendrum inerme (L). World J Fish & Mar Sci 2(1):66–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurudeeban S, Satyavani K, Ramanathan T (2012) Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effect and enzyme kinetics of coastal medicinal plants. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 7(3):186–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurusubramanian G, Rahman A, Sarmah M, Roy S, Bora S (2008) Pesticide usage pattern in tea ecosystem, their retrospects and alternative measures. J Environ Biol 29(6):813–826

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamid S, Patil Y, Patil J, Borse L, Pawar S, Pardesi GS (2008) Antibacterial and antifungal potential of Clerodendrum inerme crude extracts against some human pathogenic microorganism. Pharmacologyonline 2:75–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Harish SR, Murugan K (2011) Biochemical and genetical variation in the mangrove associate Clerodendrum inerme (L) Gaertn, under different habitats of Kerala. Asian J Exp Biol Sci 2(4):553–561

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harley RM, Atkins S, Budantsev AL (2004) The family and genera of vascular plants, vol VII. Springer-Verlag, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiremath GI, Ahn YJ, Kim SI (1997) Insecticidal activity of Indian plant extracts against Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Appl Entomol Zool 32(1):159–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang WJ, Lee HJ, Chen HL, Fan PC, Ku YL, Chiou LC (2015) Hispidulin, a constituent of Clerodendrum inerme that remitted motor tics, alleviated methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion without motor impairment in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 166:18–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurakadli SB, Hebbar Chaithra S, Ravikrishna S (2018) A review on Clerodendrum inerme (L) Gaertn.: the biological source of Agnimantha. Aayushi Int Interdiscip Res J 5(1):129–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim SR, Alshali KZ, Fouad MA, Elkhayat ES, Al Haidari RA, Mohamed GA (2014) Chemical constituents and biological investigations of the aerial parts of Egyptian Clerodendrum inerme. Bull Fac Pharm Cairo Univ 52(2):165–170

    Google Scholar 

  • IPNI (2023) International plant names index. Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Herbarium [Retrieved 02 February 2023]

  • Jadhav GS, Devarshi AA, Yankanchi SR (2016) Efficacy of certain Clerodendrum leaf crude extracts against cutworm, Spodoptera litura Fab and cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hub. J Entomol Zool Stud 4(4):466–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayalakshmi B, Raveesha KA, Amruthesh KN (2011) Phytochemical investigations and antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants against pathogenic bacteria. J Appl Pharm Sci 1(5):124–128

    Google Scholar 

  • JrRJ T, Wasson E (1997) Botanica. Mynah, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Junayed M, Akter T, Ahmad S (2020) Fresh leaf extract’s efficacy of twelve medicinal plants against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae. J Sci Technol Environ 8(2):606–617

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalavathi R, Sagayagiri R (2016a) Anticancer and cytotoxicity activities of Clerodendrum Inerme against human cervical carcinoma and liver cancer cell lines. Am J Biol Pharm Res 3(2):46–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalavathi R, Sagayagiri R (2016b) Anticancer activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Clerodendrum inerme against lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line. Eur J Mol Biol Biochem 3(2):69–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalyani SS, Holihosur RS (2015) Toxic effect of crude aqueous leaf extracts of Clerodendron inerme, on the total haemocyte count of sixth instar larva of Helicoverpa armigera (H). Int J Innov Res Sci Technol 1:221–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanchanapoom T, Kasai R, Chumsri P, Hiraga Y, Yamasaki K (2001) Megastigmane and iridoid glucosides from Clerodendrum inerme. Phytochemistry 58(2):333–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kar P, Banerjee S, Chhetri A, Sen A (2021a) Synthesis, physicochemical characterization and biological activity of synthesized silver and Rajat Bhasma nanoparticles using Clerodendrum inerme. J Phytol 13:64–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kar P, Mishra DK, Roy A, Chakraborty AK, Sinha B, Sen A (2021b) Elucidation of phytomedicinal efficacies of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Wild Jasmine). S Afr J Bot 140:356–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khalil AMA (2019) A comparative pharmacognostical study of certain Clerodendrum Species (family lamiaceae) cultivated in Egypt. Cairo University, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalil AM, Sabry OM, Elaskary HI, Elzalabani SM (2018) Advantages of Liquid/Solid over Liquid/Liquid Extraction in Isolation of Verbascoside and Other Phenolics from Clerodendrum Inerme. In: Ninth international scientific conference of faculty of pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt

  • Khan AV (2006) Antibacterial potential of Clerodendrum inerme, crude extracts against some human pathogenic bacteria. Adv Tradit Med 6(4):306–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan SA, Rasool N, Riaz M, Nadeem R, Rashid U, Rizwan K, Zubair M, Bukhari IH, Gulzar T (2013) Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxicity studies of Clerodendrum inerme. Asian J Chem 25(13):7457–7462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan SA, Shahid S, Ahmad W, Ullah S (2017) Pharmacological importance of Clerodendrum genus: a current review. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2(2):22–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan SA, Kanwal S, Rizwan K, Shahid S (2018a) Enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant, in vivo antitumor and in vitro anticancer effects against breast cancer cell line by green synthesized un-doped SnO2 and Co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles from Clerodendrum inerme. Microb Pathog 125:366–384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan SA, Noreen F, Kanwal S, Iqbal A, Hussain G (2018b) Green synthesis of ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles from leaf extracts of Abutilon indicum, Clerodendrum infortunatum, Clerodendrum inerme and investigation of their biological and photocatalytic activities. Mater Sci Eng C 82:46–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan AV (2002) Ethnobotanical studies on plants with medicinal and anti-bacterial properties. (PhD Thesis). Aligarh Muslim University

  • Khanam D, Deb D, Dev S, Shahriar M, Das AK, Kawsar MH (2014) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Bangladesh Pharm J 17(1):62–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khare CP (2008) Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary. Springer Science & Business Media, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1918) Indian Medicinal Plants, Part II. Sddhindra Nath Basu, Allahabad

  • Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1975) Clerodendron inerme (L) Gaertn., In: Mhaskar KS, Blatter E, Caius JF (Eds.), Indian Medicinal Plants, Lalif Mohan Basu, Allahabad

  • Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1989) Indian medicinal plants, Int. second ed. B Distrib. III, Allahabad

  • Kor-arnan S, Thiraphibundet P (2016) Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of isolated compounds from Clerodendrum inerme. J Sci Technol 35(1):60–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Kor-arnan T, Rojpitikul T, Phuwapraisirisan P, Pornpakakul S, Thiraphibundet P (2019) Amyloid-β aggregation inhibitors from Clerodendrum inerme L. Gaertn Maejo Int J Sci Technol 13(2):139–147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kovendan K, Murugan K (2011) Effect of medicinal plants on the mosquito vectors from the different agro-climatic regions of Tamil Nadu. India Adv Environ Biol 5(2):335–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer A (1903) Die Samoa-Inseln. E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishna Kumari GN, Balachandran J, Aravind S, Ganesh MR (2003) Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of some neo-clerodane diterpenoids isolated from Clerodendron species (Verbenaceae) on Earias vitella and Spodoptera litura. J Agric Food Chem 51(6):1555–1559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnadhas L, Santhi R, Annapurani S (2016) Isolation and identification of flavonoid fractions from the leaves of Volkameria inermis and its in-vitro cytotoxic study. Int J Pharm Clin Res 8(12):1648–1653

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamoorthy JR, Ranjith MS, Gokulshankar S, Sumithra R, Ranganathan S, Mohanty B (2011) Effective management of allergy by a siddha preparation-an in vitro study. Egypt Dermatol Online J 7(1):1

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar CM, Jayadevappa HP, Vasudev HH (2018) Evaluation of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. on Burkitt’s lymphoma cancer. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 52(2):241–247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lashmanasamy A, Ravichandran R, Gengiah K, Chandrasekar S, Perumal A (2020) Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of Clerodendrum inerme on human PBMC. Int J Immun 8(2):33–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li DH, Wang Z, Liang ZY, Yang XB, Xu J (2012a) Comparative evaluation of the chemical composition of essential oil from twig, leaf and root of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. In Adv Mat Res 343:22–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Li DH, Liang ZY, Zhou J, Bu GF, Yang XB, Xu J (2012b) Volatile constituents and antioxidant properties of the ligarine extracts of twig, leaf and root of Clerodendrum inerme. In Adv Mat Res 524:1723–1729

    Google Scholar 

  • Li D, Zhou J, Xia J, Wu X, Huang Y, Yang X, Xu J (2015) Antioxidant activities of extract and fractions from Clerodendrum inerme. J Chem Pharm Res 7(8):875–879

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao YH, Lee HJ, Huang WJ, Fan PC, Chiou LC (2016) Hispidulin alleviated methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion by acting at α6 subunit-containing GABAA receptors in the cerebellum. Psychopharmacology 233:3187–3199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin TY, Huang WJ, Wu CC, Lu CW, Wang SJ (2014) Acacetin inhibits glutamate release and prevents kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rats. PLoS ONE 9(2):e88644

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ling DL (2016) Micronesian ethnobotany, a course companion. Edition, 4.1. College of Micronesia–FSM. Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia

  • Ly HT, Nguyen TTH, Tran TTL, Lam BT, Phung TTH (2019) Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of Clerodendrum inerme leaf extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic models in mice. Chin Herb Med 11(4):387–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Manjulatha K, Gul MZ, Imam N, Ghazi IA, Setty OH (2016) Phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of Clerodendrum inerme and its different parts-A comparative study. J Biol Act Prod Nat 6(1):65–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Manoharan S, Kavitha K, Senthil N, Renju GL (2006) Evaluation of anticarcinogenic effects of Clerodendron inerme on 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Singap Med J 47(12):1038–1043

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manoharan S, Kavitha K, Balakrishnan S, Rajalingam K (2008) Clerodendron inerme protects cellular integrity during 7, 12-dimethylbenz [A]-anthracene induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 5(2):213–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marikkannu KKA, Ganesan S (2021) Molecular docking and GC-MS data for the inhibition of RAD51 expression by a compound from Clerodendrum inerme L. Bioinformation 17(8):767

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda T, Yonemori S, Oyama Y, Takeda Y, Tanaka T, Andoh T, Shinohara A, Nakata M (1999) Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of environmental plants: activity of the leaf extracts from seashore plants. J Agric Food Chem 47(4):1749–1754

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mickymaray S, Al Aboody MS, Rath PK, Annamalai P, Nooruddin T (2016) Screening and antibacterial efficacy of selected Indian medicinal plants. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 6(3):185–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minh TT, Thuong NTM (2021) Lignans from the stems of Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn. Viet J Chem 59(2):187–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minh TT, Thuong NTM, Thu NH, Nghia NT, Toan HK, Thanh NTV, Huong TT (2021) Phenolic glycosides from the stems of Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn. Collected in Vietnam. Viet J Sci Technol 59(2):189–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra JP (2007) Chemical investigation of medicinal plant constituents. Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur

    Google Scholar 

  • Moldenke HN (1985) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). IV. Phytologia 57:334–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Morya K, Pillai S, Patel P (2010) Effect of powdered leaves of Lantana camara, Clerodendrum inerme and Citrus limon on the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica. Bull Insectol 63(2):183–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouri A, Lee HJ, Mamiya T, Aoyama Y, Matsumoto Y, Kubota H, Huang WJ, Chiou LC, Nabeshima T (2020) Hispidulin attenuates the social withdrawal in isolated disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 mutant and chronic phencyclidine-treated mice. Br J Pharmacol 177:3210–3224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Muthu C, Ayyanar M, Raja N, Ignacimuthu S (2006) Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2(1):1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadkarni KM (1976) Indian materia medica, vol I. Popular Parakashan Private Ltd., Mumbai

    Google Scholar 

  • Nan HH, Wu J, Zhang S (2005a) A new phenylethanoid glycoside from Clerodendrum inerme. Pharmazie 60(10):798–799

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nan HH, Zhang S, Wu J (2005b) Chemical constituents from Clerodendrum inerme. Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs 36:492–494

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Office of Mangrove Resources Conservation (2009) Plants in the Mangrove forest of Thailand. Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. House of the Agricultural Co-operative Federation of Thailand Limited, Nonthaburi

  • Panda H (2004) Handbook on medicinal herbs with uses. Asia Pacific Business Press Inc., Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey R, Verma RK, Singh SC, Gupta MM (2003) 4a-Methyl-24b-ethyl-5a-cholesta-14, 25-dien-3b-ol and 24b-ethylcholesta-5, 9 (11), 22E-trien-3b-ol, sterols from Clerodendrum inerme. Phytochemistry 63(4):415–420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey R, Verma RK, Gupta MM (2005) Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Clerodendrum inerme. Phytochemistry 66(6):643–648

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey R, Verma RK, Gupta MM (2006) Pentadecanoic acid β-D-glucoside from Clerodendrum inerme. ChemInform 38(4):2161–2163

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey R, Verma RK, Gupta MM (2007) High-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for quantitative determination of 4alpha-methyl-24beta-ethyl-5alpha-cholesta-14,25-dien-3beta-ol, 24beta-ethylcholesta-5,9(11),22E-trien-3beta-ol, and betulinic acid in Clerodendrum inerme. J Sep Sci 30(13):2086–2091

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panigrahi BK, Mishra SK, Sahu SK (2015) Antidiabetic effects of Clerodendrum inerme (L) Gaertn. Ijppr Human 4(2):248–256

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parveen M, Khanam Z, Ali M, Rahman SZ (2010) A novel lupene-type triterpenic glucoside from the leaves of Clerodendrum inerme. Nat Prod Res 24(2):167–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patil PB, Holihosur SN, Kallapur VL (2006) Efficacy of natural product, Clerodendron inerme against dengue mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. Curr Sci 90(8):1064–1066

    Google Scholar 

  • Patil PB, Kallapur SV, Kallapur VL, Holihosur SN (2014) Larvicidal activity of Cleodendron inerme Gaertn. Extracts against Aedes aegypti L. and Culex quinquefasciatus say. Mosquito species. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 7:206–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Patil PB, Kallapur YL, Holihosur SN (2013) Evaluation of Clerodendron inerme Gaertn. Plant extract against Aedes aegypti L. mosquito. Int J Nat Prod Res 2(2):36–38

  • Pereira J, Gurudutt KN (1990) Growth inhibition of Musca domestica L. and Culex quinquefasciatus (say) by (−)-3-epicaryoptin isolated from leaves of Clerodendron inerme (Gaertn) (Verbenaceae). J Chem Ecol 16(7):2297–2306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry LM (1980) Medicinal plants of East and Southeast Asia: attributed properties and uses. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Pouplin JN, Tran H, Tran H, Phan TA, Dolecek C, Farrar J, Tran TH, Caron P, Bodo B, Grellier P (2007) Antimalarial and cytotoxic activities of ethnopharmacologically selected medicinal plants from South Vietnam. J Ethnopharmacol 109(3):417–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad HP, Shankar UA, Kumar BH, Shetty SH, Prakash HS (2007) Management of Bean common mosaic virus strain Blackeye cowpea mosaic (BCMV-BlCM) in cowpea using plant extracts. Arch Phytopathol Pflanzenschutz 40(2):139–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad MP, Sushant S, Chikkaswamy BK (2012) Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant potential, antibacterial activity and molecular characterization of Clerodendrum species. Int J Mol Biol 3(3):71–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pratoomsoot C, Wongkattiya N, Sanguansermsri D (2020) Synergistic antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt, Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn and Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl extracts and their potential as a treatment for xerosis cutis. Complement Med Res 27(6):410–420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabiul H, Subhasish M, Sinha S, Roy MG, Sinha D, Gupta S (2011) Hepatoprotective activity of Clerodendron inerme against paracetamol induced hepatic injury in rats for pharmaceutical product. Int J Drug Dev Res 3(1):118–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Raha P, Das AK, Adityachaudhuri N, Majumder PL (1991) Cleroinermin, a neo-clerodane diterpenoid from Clerodendron inerme. Phytochemistry 30(11):3812–3814

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmatullah M, Ferdausi D, Mollik A, Jahan R, Chowdhury MH, Haque WM (2010) A survey of medicinal plants used by Kavirajes of Chalna area, Khulna district, Bangladesh. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 7(2):91–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmatullah M, Jahan R, Azam FS, Hossan S, Mollik MAH, Rahman T (2011) Folk medicinal uses of Verbenaceae family plants in Bangladesh. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 8(5 Suppl):53–65

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rajalingam K, Renju GL, Balakrishnan S, Manoharan S (2008) Effect of Clerodendron inerme on erythrocyte membrane integrity during 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced skin carcinogenesis in swiss albino mice. Asian J Sci Res 1:246–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajeev P, Kumar YS, Gupta SK (2012) Anti-diabetic activity of Clerodendrum (or Clerodendron) inerme using in vivo and in vitro studies, novel science. Int J Pharm Sci 1(6):298–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao LJM, Pereira J, Gurudutt KN (1993) Neo-clerodane diterpenes from Clerodendron inerme. Phytochemistry 34(2):572–574

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy MB, Reddy KR, Reddy MN (1989) A survey of plant crude drugs of Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Int J Crude Drug Res 27(3):145–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehman AU, Begum S, Saied S, Ml C, Akhtar F (1997) A steroidal glycoside from Clerodendrum inerme. Phytochemistry 45:1721–1722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renju GL, Manoharan S, Balakrishnan S, Senthil N (2007) Chemopreventive and antilipidperoxidative potential of Clerodendron inerme (L) Gaertn in 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Pak J Biol Sci 10(9):1465–1470

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Safford WE (1905) The useful plants of the Island of Guam. US Government Printing Office, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Sangeetha M, Kousalya K, Lavanya R, Sowmya C, Chamundeeswari D, Maheswara UC (2011) In-vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of leaves of Cleodendron inerme. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2(1):822–827

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasikala E, Usman AS, Kundu AB (1995) On the pharmacognosy of Clerodendrum inerme (L) Gaertner leaves. Seminar Res Ayurveda Siddha 90:20–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Setchell WA (1924) American Samoa: Part I. Vegetation of Tutuila Island, Part II. Ethnobotany of the Samoans. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahabuddin SK, Munikishore R, Trimurtulu G, Gunasekar D, Deville A, Bodo B (2013) Two new chalcones from the flowers of Clerodendrum inerme. Nat Prod Commun 8(4):1934578X1300800412

    Google Scholar 

  • Shami AMM, Saadedin SMK, Hasan SF (2020) Antibacterial and antioxidants effects of anthraquinones fraction from Clerodendron inerme leaves. Int J Res Pharm Sci 11(3):3151–3157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanthakumar B, Sathish M, Suresh AJ (2013) In vitro antioxidant activity of extracts and stigmasterol from leaves of Clerodendrum inerme Linn. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 4(4):1411–1418

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharaf A, Aboulezz AF, Abdul-Alim MA, Gomaa N (1969) Some pharmacological studies on the leaves of Clerodendron inerme. Qual Plant Mater Veg 17:293–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shinde JU, Gawai DU (2014) Efficacy of leaf extracts of some medicinal plants on growth of Colletotrichum capsici butler and bisby. Afr J Plant Sci 8(7):353–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrivastava N, Patel T (2007) Clerodendrum and heathcare: an overview. Med Aromat Plant Sci Biotechnol 1(1):142–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddik ASNU, Alam S, Borgohain R, Chutia P (2021) Antioxidant properties of Clerodendrum species found in north east India: a review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 10(4):390–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh R, Prakash L (1983) Chemical examination of stems of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Verbenaceae). Pharmazie 38:565

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha MK, Patel DK, Kanungo VK (2013) Medicinal plants used in the treatment of skin diseases in Central Bastar of Chhattisgarh, India. Glob Adv Res J Med Plants 2(1):1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Somasundaram S, Edwards C (2007) Flavonoidal glycosides of the Clerodendron inerme confer long term relief for experimental arthritis in rats. In: II international symposium on human health effects of fruits and vegetables: FAVHEALTH, vol 841, pp 403–410

  • Spencer GF, Flippen-Anderson JL (1981) Isolation and X-ray structure determination of a neolignan from Clerodendrum inerme seeds. Phytochemistry 20:2757–2759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinath G, Sridhar V, Renuka R (2009) In vitro propagation of the medicinal herb Clerodendrum inerme. Adv Biotech 9:21–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Sripathi SK, Sankari U (2010) Ethnobotanical documentation of a few medicinal plants in the Agasthiayamalai region of Tirunelveli district, India. Ethnobot Leafl 14:173–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Srisook K, Srisook E, Nachaiyo W, Chan-In M, Thongbai J, Wongyoo K, Chawsuanthong S, Wannasri K, Intasuwan S, Watcharanawee K (2015) Bioassay-guided isolation and mechanistic action of anti-inflammatory agents from Clerodendrum inerme leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 165:94–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava MMP, Mishra S, Kumar N, Shanker K (2019) Chemotaxonomic differentiation of Clerodendrum species based on high-performance thin-layer chromatographic fingerprinting of key secondary metabolites and chemometric data analysis. J Planar Chromatogr Mod TLC 32:211–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steane DA, De Kok RP, Olmstead RG (2004) Phylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 32(1):39–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart GU (2017) List of philippine herbal medicinal plants. Philippine medicinal plants. StuartXchange-SX. Available at: http://www.stuartxchange.org/CompleteList.html (Accessed February 20, 2017)

  • Subhasish M, Rabiul H, Parag G, Debasish D (2010) Investigation of in vitro anthelmintic activity of Clerodendron inerme. Int J Drug Develop Res 2(4)

  • Sujatha P (2012) Control of Trogoderma granarium (everts) by aqueous leaf extracts of Lantana camara and Clerodendrum inerme. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 3(3):804–810

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumathi T, Alagumuthu G (2014) Bio sorption of arsenic from aqueous solution using Clerodendrum inerme: characterization, kinetics and modeling. Chem Sci Rev Lett 3(11S):63–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundari UT, Shanthi P (2022) Molecular characterization and antioxidant activity of Volkameria inermis L. Curr Biol 13:46–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tayeh M, Hiransai P, Kommen H, Watanapokasin R (2020) Anti-migration and anti-invasion abilities of methanolic leaves extract of Clerodendrum Inerme on lung cancer cells. Pharmacogn J 12(5):1024–1031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thirumal M, Muthusamy P (2016a) In vitro studies on inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by leaves and root ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn. Pharm Sci Monit 4(2):3947–3963

    Google Scholar 

  • Thirumal M, Muthusamy P (2016b) Invitro antioxidant evaluation of the various extracts of Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn. Leaves and root. Int J Chem Pharm Sci 7(1):32–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thirumal M, Srimanthula S, Kishore G, Vadivelan R, Anand Kumar AVS (2013) Analgesic and antipyretic effects of aqueous extract from Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn leaves in animal models. Der Pharm Lett 5(2):315–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Trieu LH, Minh LV, Huong NTT (2018) In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of crude and fractionated extracts of Clerodendrum inerme leaves collected from Phu Quoc Island. J Med Mater 5(23):283–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Trieu LH, Trang LVK, Minh LV (2019) Phytochemical screening and cytotoxic evaluation from leaf extracts of Combretum quadrangulare and Clerodendrum inerme on MCF-7 and HEPG2 cancer cell lines. UED J Soc Sci Hum Educ 9(5):26–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhe G (1974) Medicinal plants of Samoa: a preliminary survey of the use of plants for medicinal purposes in the Samoan Islands. Econ Bot 28:1–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vattakaven T, George R, Balasubramanian D, Réjou-Méchain M, Muthusankar G, Ramesh B, Prabhakar R (2016) India Biodiversity portal: an integrated, interactive and participatory biodiversity informatics platform. Biodivers Data J 4:e10279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vimalanathan S, Ignacimuthu S, Hudson JB (2009) Medicinal plants of Tamil Nadu (Southern India) are a rich source of antiviral activities. Pharm Biol 47(5):422–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinh LB, Thi Minh Nguyet N, Young Yang S, Hoon Kim J, Thi Vien L, Thi Thanh Huong P, Van Thanh N, Xuan Cuong N, Hoai Nam N, Van Minh C, Hwang I (2017) A new rearranged abietane diterpene from Clerodendrum inerme with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Nat Prod Res 32(17):2001–2007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinod KG, Amit R (2012) Comparative study of antimicrobial activities of some mangrove plants from Sundarban Estuarine regions of India. J Med Plant Res 6(42):5480–5488

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasupongpun W, Premkaisorn P (2010) Evaluation of antioxidant activity of eleven thai medicinal herbs. Sci J 26:29–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Whistler WA (1996) Samoan herbal medicine: O La’au Ma Vai Fofo O Samoa. Isle Botanica, Honolulu

    Google Scholar 

  • Whistler WA (2006) Herbal medicine in Samoa. Allertonia 9(2):39–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiart C (2006) Medicinal plants of Asia and the Pacific. Taylor & Francis Group, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wisessombat S, Tayeh M (2021) In vitro wound healing potential and antimicrobial activity of Clerodendrum inerme leave extracts. Pharmacogn J 13(6):1542–1548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yankanchi SR, Gadache AH (2010) Grain protectant efficacy of certain plant extracts against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J Biopest 3(2):511–513

    Google Scholar 

  • Yankanchi SR, Patil SR (2009) Field efficacy of plant extracts on larval populations of Plutella xylostella L. and Helicoverpa armigera Hub. and their impact on cabbage infestation. J Biopest 2(1):32–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yankanchi SR, Dhatunde CD, Kamble AK (2010) Larvicidal activity of Clerodendrum inerme L. leaf extract against malarial vector mosquito, Anopheles stephensi (Liston). Nat J Life Sci 7(2):105–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Yankanchi SR, Yadav OV, Jadhav GS (2014) Synergistic and individual efficacy of certain plant extracts against dengue vector mosquito. Aedes Aegypti J Biopest 7(1):22

    Google Scholar 

  • Yankanchi SR, Kallapur VL, Holihosur SN (2015) In vitro and in vivo inhibition of haemolymph juvenile hormone esterase activity by the ethanol extract of Clerodendrum inerme in fifth instar larva of castor semilooper, Achaea janata (L.). Curr Sci 108(8):1516–1520

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan YW, Mabberley DJ, Steane DA, Olmstead RG (2010) Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy. Taxon 59:125–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors thankfully acknowledge the financial support of CSIR JRF (No.09/025(0229)/2017-EMR-I; dated: 22.08.2017) and infrastructural facilities in the Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 713104, India

    Manabendu Barman, Anuva Barman & Sanjib Ray

Authors
  1. Manabendu Barman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anuva Barman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sanjib Ray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MB: Designed the review, primary and secondary data source collection, analysis, and original draft writing. AB: Draw the chemical structure, analysis and original draft writing. SR: Conceptualization, analysis, final manuscript writing, and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sanjib Ray.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict-of-interest publication of this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Barman, M., Barman, A. & Ray, S. Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.: a critical review on current progress in traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological aspects and toxicity. Phytochem Rev (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-024-09934-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-024-09934-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation